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Flowline Material Performance and Challenges in Oil and Gas sweet and sour environment

Product Number: 51320-14722-SG

Author: Amjad Kharusi, Janardhan Rao Saithala, Antonio Ojeda Macedo, Manoj Suryanarayana, Talal Nabhani, Nasser Behlani,

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Oil & Gas flowlines are paramount for safe and reliable production of hydrocarbons, ensuring their integrity is one of the key tasks for all operators. Petroleum Development of Oman (PDO) manages around 11,000 Km of flowlines and connects to production stations more than 400 wells across more than 50 fields every year. Applications for these flowlines vary from the traditional Oil & Gas transmission to other applications such as water injection, polymer flood and steam injection. All these diverse applications involve multiple operation environments ranging from benign fields with low CO2 < 0.5 mole% and minimum H2S to very aggressive environments with CO2 and H2S concentrations well above 10 mole%, combined with a wide range of salinities and water cuts, with chlorides concentrations ranging from 5,000 to 200,000 ppm and water cuts from almost nil to more than 95%. The challenges encountered in safe and economic development of these assets across such a wide range of conditions are numerous; therefore, the material selection and designed methods to manage flowlines integrity are complex with no single solution approach to address the myriad of different conditions. This paper present two cases of metallic and non-metallic materials installed in PDO flowlines showing their historical field performance and discusses the strategy adopted for the material selection of flowlines.

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Forensic Evaluation of Long-Term Galvanic Cathodic Protection of Bridge Pilings in a Marine Environment

Product Number: 51320-14485-SG

Author: Douglas L. Leng, Matthew Duncan, Ivan R. Lasa

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Marine environments can be very aggressive and present significant challenges in maintaining key infrastructure from the effects of corrosion. In Florida, thousands of bridges are in coastal areas and are continually, or periodically exposed to saltwater conditions. A clear majority of these bridges were constructed using steel reinforced concrete and are supported by precast pilings situated in saltwater, so for this reason, cathodic protection is a necessary strategy for controlling the effects of saltwater induced corrosion.

Toward the early 1980s, the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) began the evaluation of different approaches to control saltwater induced corrosion. Some of these included the use of integral pile jackets, specialty materials for concrete repairs, surface applied coatings and other innovative approaches utilizing galvanic anode technology. One such system was jointly developed with industry partners and sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) using integral pile jackets lined with expanded zinc mesh anodes to apply cathodic protection. This innovative approach provides for the problem of concrete repair while at the same time stopping the on-going process of corrosion both combined in one application. Both laboratory and field trials validated the benefits to this approach and confirmed that the system can mitigate corrosion and extend the useful service life of pilings by more than 20 years.

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Forensic Investigation of Corrosion under Insulation from Rust Scale Sample

Product Number: 51324-20890-SG

Author: Ahmad Raza Khan Rana; Salwa Alachkar; Touqeer Sohail; Syed Umair Niaz Bukhari; Shahzad Karim; Graham Brigham

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is among the leading damage mechanisms in oil refining and hydrocarbon production facilities. CUI reportedly drives 40-60 % of the piping-related repairs and constitutes 10% of the overall maintenance spending. Numerous conventional and advanced inspection measures look for the occurrence and severity of CUI. On the other hand, the CUI formation reasons, and kinetics may not be well understood with the common inspection strategies. Like any other type(s) of corrosion, the rust scale samples can provide useful evidence in understanding CUI. With clarity on drivers and kinetics, the root cause analysis and decision making for CUI management can benefit from such information on drivers and kinetics. This article addresses the three different case studies on the forensic investigation of CUI via chemical analysis of rust scale samples. Rust samples from various assets in downstream and upstream facilities were analyzed using x-ray diffraction (XRD) which revealed range of corrosion products such as hematite (Fe2O3), goethite (a-FeOOH), akageneite (ß-FeOOH), magnetite (Fe3O4), etc. The study then addresses the kinetics behind these corrosion products and suggests some practical measures for utilizing the forensic information on rust scale(s).

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Forgotten Phenomenon: Corrosion of Galvanized Piping Underground

Product Number: 51324-20595-SG

Author: Michael J. Szeliga

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Water utilities have begun to install galvanized piping underground as a “new” form of corrosion control. While this is being called a “new” approach, the effectiveness of galvanized piping underground has been widely discussed in the corrosion literature for more than 70 years. This paper will summarize some of the documented findings regarding galvanized piping underground that is presented in the corrosion literature. The paper will also discuss the types of galvanizing available and how that impacts the rate of corrosion on galvanized piping underground.

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Formicary Corrosion And EAC Of Copper Tubes In Contact With Building Sealant

Product Number: 51322-17846-SG

Author: Kimberly Steine

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Blue discoloration of off-white sealant in contact with copper tube at medical facilities under
construction was observed. The copper tube was being installed to transport medical-grade gasses and the sealant was used as an acoustical and smoke sealant at through-wall penetrations. In some areas of one facility, galvanized steel pipes inserts were used as sleeves for the copper pipes through the drywall, while in other areas, the copper pipe penetrated directly through the drywall. Observations of the discoloration prompted an evaluation of the copper tube, sealant, and potential adverse interactions.

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Formulation Guidelines for the use of Zinc Flakes in Heavy Duty Corrosion Protection Complying with SSPC Paint 29 Requirements

Product Number: 51323-19533-SG

Author: Peter Wissling, Jon Lawniczak

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

For many years, sacrificial corrosion protective paint formulations based on Zinc consisted of zinc dust at approximate 80% loading and about 10% epoxy binder. This composition is necessary for corrosion protection, as direct zinc to zinc dust contact is only possible at high zinc dust loadings. This goes back to the spherical shape of the zinc dust particles with their low surface area.

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Product Number: 51322-18147-SG

Author: Elizabeth Nicholson

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Close Interval Surveys (CIS) are frequently performed on pipelines to measure the pipe to soil potential. While the instrument is connected to the pipe it is possible to obtain additional types of readings that can be analyzed to provide further information. Many modern electronic instruments are capable of functioning as oscilloscopes in addition to obtaining synchronized CIS readings. The information captured by the oscilloscope function provides a waveform for further analysis. The waveform is captured as a raw, unfiltered signal with at least 2000 data points per second for the duration of the interruption cycle or longer.

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance