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Picture for Galvanic Interactions Between Surface Layers And Bare Carbon Steel In Aqueous CO2 Environments
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Galvanic Interactions Between Surface Layers And Bare Carbon Steel In Aqueous CO2 Environments

Product Number: 51322-17654-SG
Author: Joshua Owen, Francois Ropital, Gaurav R. Joshi, Jean Kittel
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

In aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2)-saturated environments, such as those found in geothermal energy, oil and gas and carbon abatement industries, various naturally occurring layers can be found on the internal surface of carbon steel infrastructure, such as pipelines, as they corrode in the mildly acidic conditions. Amongst the most commonly found layers are iron carbonate (FeCO3), iron carbide (Fe3C) and magnetite (Fe3O4). FeCO3 can offer corrosion protection to the underlying steel when formed under certain conditions, as too can Fe3O4. Fe3C is typically associated with enhancement of electrochemical activity of carbon steel and is revealed due to preferential dissolution of ferrite in the steel microstructure – through the formation of a porous network at the steel surface. Each of these layers play a fundamental role in the uniform and localized corrosion of the underlying carbon steel.
Picture for Gearbox Corrosion Mitigation During Storage and Intermittent Operation
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Gearbox Corrosion Mitigation During Storage and Intermittent Operation

Product Number: 51324-20747-SG
Author: Pavlo Solntsev; James Holden
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Gearboxes are one of the most critical pieces of equipment in a plant. Downtime because of gearbox failure can significantly impact manufacture and be very costly. An additional inventory of spare gearboxes is needed to minimize the effect of the loss. All gearboxes operating and during storage are susceptible to corrosion due to moisture condensation on the metal surfaces. The work describes oil additives that protect gearboxes during operation, layup, and warehouse storage. As was proved, the corrosion can be mitigated by adding a Vapor Corrosion Inhibitor (VCI) to the system. The testing methodology to verify the effectiveness of the oil additives, as well as compatibility with the base oil, was presented. Based on the present work, a specification for gearbox preservation during storage was developed.
Picture for General Corrosion Mitigation of Carbon Steel Using Corrosion-Inhibiting Oil as Possible Solution for Hydrostatic Testing of Product Tanks
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General Corrosion Mitigation of Carbon Steel Using Corrosion-Inhibiting Oil as Possible Solution for Hydrostatic Testing of Product Tanks

Product Number: 51324-20939-SG
Author: Ivan Stojanovic; Vesna Alar; Boris Miksic; Ivana Borsic; Marin Kurtela
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
The main material for product tank production is carbon steel, which is generally resistant to corrosion in crude oil, but prone when it comes in contact with water contained in basic sediment or hydrostatic testing media. The corrosion shortens the life of the tank and can cause leaks which pose a danger to public health and safety and to the environment. Special attention should be addressed to bare surfaces of the tanks when mild steel is in direct contact with water, such as during hydrostatic testing. This paper examines the usage of corrosion inhibiting oil as a float coat for short-term general corrosion mitigation of carbon steel tanks during the hydrostatic testing with sea water. The corrosion inhibiting oil floats on the surface of the water and forms a protective layer in contact with internal tank walls thus preventing the direct contact of sea water with bare tank surfaces. The anticorrosion properties were evaluated by means of electrochemical polarization testing. The carbon steel samples were protected by corrosion-inhibiting oil and exposed to pure sea water, sea water inhibited by oxygen scavenger, and sea water inhibited by oxygen scavenger and treated with biocide, which are all possible hydrostatic testing media. The tested corrosion-inhibiting oil showed significant mitigation properties of general corrosion of the carbon steel samples.
Picture for Ghost Pearlite in External Corrosion of Buried Pipeline
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Ghost Pearlite in External Corrosion of Buried Pipeline

Product Number: 51323-19443-SG
Author: Sri Krishna Chimbli
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Pipelines are subjected to Hydrostatic testing during construction and maintenance. The Hydrostatic test validates the pipeline integrity by ensuring that the pipeline can sustain the operating pressure. Hydrostatic tests can expose any anomalies present in the pipe that may result in failures at or a fraction above the operating pressure.
Picture for Global Corrosivity Rates Based on Open-Source Climatic Data
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Global Corrosivity Rates Based on Open-Source Climatic Data

Product Number: 51323-19323-SG
Author: Sergiu Paereli, Anders W. B. Skilbred, Andreas Krapp
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Low alloyed carbon steels are the most used materials for infrastructure, energy, transportation and other industries and assets. Depending on the environment, carbon steel will corrode when exposed to atmospheric conditions. In order to prevent atmospheric corrosion of the mentioned materials, corrosion protective coatings are used.
Picture for Good reasons why UNS S82441/EN 1.4662 should be included in ASTM A923
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Good reasons why UNS S82441/EN 1.4662 should be included in ASTM A923

Product Number: 51323-19166-SG
Author: Jan Y Jonsson, Claes Tigerstrand, Javier Avila
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

New inventions imply that these also should be implemented into relevant standards. Sometimes also minor modifications in the standard setup of the existing procedures are needed. For duplex stainless steels one of the most important aspects is if a correct final solution annealing has been performed giving the material proper properties.
Picture for Grain Size Effect on the Creep Resistance of Alloy 800HT Pigtails
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Grain Size Effect on the Creep Resistance of Alloy 800HT Pigtails

Product Number: 51324-20906-SG
Author: Jack Taylor; Victoria Hamlin; Justin Dansbury
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Advanced creep degradation was discovered in steam methane reformer (SMR) outlet pigtails during planned maintenance. The outlet pigtails were fabricated from alloy 800HT (ASTM B407 UNS N08811) which had operated within design pressure and temperature for approximately six (6) years. It is industry knowledge that there have been instances of wrought alloy 800H/HT suppliers not complying with the applicable grain size requirements of ASTM B407. Additionally, a few SMR operators use supplemental grain size requirements that are more conservative than ASTM B407. This paper will document the extent of the damage, root cause, repair, and a recommendation to API TR 942-A.
Picture for Graphene - Something New for Decades old Epoxy Coating Technology
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Graphene - Something New for Decades old Epoxy Coating Technology

Product Number: 51323-19109-SG
Author: Andrew Smith, Denis Wright, Grant Mathieson, Andrew Vu
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Two component Epoxy polymer systems have been used as the basis for high performance protective coating systems since the 1950s. Numerous Epoxy resin types and ambient condition curing agents are available today which allow great flexibility in the formulation of coating products. This has led to the development of a wide range of applications ranging from simple anticorrosive systems to high performance heat and chemical resistant coatings and linings.
Picture for Grooving Corrosion of Electric Resistance Welded Steel Pipe In Water: Case Histories and Effects of Alloying Elements
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Grooving Corrosion of Electric Resistance Welded Steel Pipe In Water: Case Histories and Effects of Alloying Elements

Product Number: 81075-75-SG
Author: Katsumi Masamura, Iwao Matsushima
Publication Date: 1981
$20.00

In view of the increased frequency of grooving corrosion in electric resistance welded(ERW)steel pipes used for water pipes, case histories and factors affecting its occurrence have been investigated. Two types of grooving corrosion are observed in 68 case studies of troubled pipes, the continuous and discontinuous types. The latter is associated with tuberculation, deep penetration being limited to the weld area covered by tubercles. The penetration rate is 2.Smm/y (lOOmpy) in average and 9.5mm/y (380mpy) at maximum, corresponding to 25 and 80 times, respectively, that of the overall corrosion rate in water.
There is a general tendency that a high penetration rate is associated with wates of low specific resistance. This type of corrosion occurs not only on the water side but also on the outer surfaces that are in contact with soil or insulating materials soaked with water . The chemistry and manufacture do not seem to affect the susceptibility as far as the commercial products are concerned Since the differences in chemistry and microstructure between the weld and the base metal exist practically in all commercial ERW pipes, there is a potential danger of grooving corrosion.
Picture for Guidance for Materials Selection and Corrosion Control in CO2 Transport and Injection for Carbon Capture and Storage
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Guidance for Materials Selection and Corrosion Control in CO2 Transport and Injection for Carbon Capture and Storage

Product Number: 51322-17726-SG
Author: J. Sonke, S.J. Paterson
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

The aim of this work is to identify an approach to materials selection and corrosion control that can address the specific requirements of a Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project. This work is largely based on the accumulated knowledge and expertise that has been published. Besides the direct guidance from this document, specific topics may require more detail that can be found in the references.
Picture for Guidance For Thermal Stability Of Common Oilfield Chemicals
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Guidance For Thermal Stability Of Common Oilfield Chemicals

Product Number: 51322-17745-SG
Author: Tracey Jackson, Johnathon Brooks, Zhengwei Liu, Sunder Ramachandran
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

As oilfield technologies have advanced, they have made high temperature (HT) reservoirs more accessible. HTs make the application of chemical more difficult because chemical instability at HT restricts what intermediates will work in these environments and the safety and complexity of HT testing further adds to the challenge.
Picture for Guideline To Determine Erosional Velocity For Liquid Hydrocarbon Transmission Pipelines
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Guideline To Determine Erosional Velocity For Liquid Hydrocarbon Transmission Pipelines

Product Number: 51322-17812-SG
Author: Jose Vera, Francois Ayello, Guanlan Liu, Richard Eckert, Prabhas Bhat
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Erosion is a major threat to liquid hydrocarbon transmission pipeline integrity when high liquid flow ratesare combined with the presence of solid particles. However, there is currently no generally acceptedguidance document or standard by which liquid petroleum pipeline operators can define maximum allowable velocities to manage the threat of erosion in their pipelines.
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