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Elastomer and Plastic Compatibility With a Pyrolysis-Derived Bio-Oil

Product Number: 51319-13566-SG

Author: Raynella Connatser

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Polymer compatibilty with key infrastructure elastomers and plastics was determined using a neat bio-oil that was derived via fast-pyrolysis of woody biomass. The elastomers were exposed to the bio-oil in a sealed container for 4 weeks while the plastics were exposed for 16 weeks. The bio-oil was kept at ambient temperatures (approximately 20C) and atmopsheric pressures.The mass volume change and hardness were measured and compared to the original starting values. These results were compared to identical specimens exposed to neat diesel fuel for baseline comparison. The results provide a useful comparison of assessing bio-oil compatibilty with existing infrastructure materials.

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Elastomer Compatibility with a Pyrolysis-derived Bio-oil

Product Number: 51320-14613-SG

Author: Michael D. Kass , Christopher J. Janke, Samuel A. Lewis, Sr., James R. Keiser, Raynella M. Connatser

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

The compatibility of fueling infrastructure elastomers in bio-oil and diesel fuel was determined by measuring the volume swell and hardness before and after drying. The bio-oil was produced via fast pyrolysis from a blend of pine feedstocks. The elastomer materials included two fluorocarbons, six acrylonitirile butadiene rubbers (NBRs), fluorosilicone, styrene butadiene rubber, neoprene, polyurethane, neoprene, silicone, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), a blend of NBR and PVC (OZO), and a blend of epichlorohydrin and ethylene oxide (ECO). The majority of the elastomer materials (except for EPDM, SBR and silicone) exhibited higher volume expansion in bio-oil than in diesel. Excessive swelling was noted for the polyurethane, neoprene and three of the NBRs. In general, the higher polarity of these elastomers more closely aligned with the polarities of the bio-oil versus the diesel fuel. Conversely, EPDM, SBR, and silicone are relatively nonpolar and this matches the low polarity of the diesel fuel, which resulted in higher volume expansion in diesel, rather than the bio-oil for these four polymers.

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Electrochemical Behavior of the Austenitic Stainless Steel Susceptibility to Sulfide Stress Cracking in H2S Containing Brines

Product Number: 51319-12854-SG

Author: Raymundo Case

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Austenitic stainless steels are widely in use in oil & gas production environments providing effective protection for mitigation of general corrosion due to the presence of CO2 in the produced fluids. However there is little agreement on the service limits when exposed in environments that contain H2S particularly in relation to the susceptibility to chloride stress corrosion cracking (SCC) assisted by H2S.This paper presents the results obtained from the evaluation of the electrochemical behavior using a combination of direct and alternate current methods of the passive layer formed by 316L stainless steel in the presence of brines of different ionic strength in equilibrium with a gas phase at 400 psi containing up to 60% mol of H2S (bal. CO2). The objective of the study is to evaluate the effects of temperature H2S and Cl- concentration on the pitting onset and the likelihood of SCC.The results obtained indicate that the decrease of the pitting potential is consistent with the passive layer formed on the 316L stainless steel increasing the electron donor carrier density at constant temperature. In this context the Cl- content in the brine exerts a larger effect than the H2S activity. The solution temperature was found to push the pitting and open circuit potential in more active direction due to the increase of kinetics effects independently of the H2S activity.The increase in the susceptibility to SCC was found to be proportional to the H2S content in the brine at constant temperature and chloride level; however the threshold H2S content to induce SCC is shown to increase with the brine ionic strength. This behavior is consistent with the observed reduced SCC susceptibility at higher chlorides and the presence of metastable pitting which is intensified by the activity of H2S .

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Electrochemical Behavior Under Artificial Seawater and Intergranular Corrosion Performance of 6XXX Aluminum Alloys Series

Product Number: 51320-14620-SG

Author: Mariana Georges M. de Carvalho, Gustavo Brandolin, Daniela Figueiredo Cavalcante, Flavio Vieira Vasques de Sousa, Vanessa Dreilich, Fabio Pereira Alves

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Aluminum alloys have high strength to weight ratio, and during the years they have been used successfully in the maritime industry, due to their good corrosion resistance when correctly applied (e.g., properly selected). In the subsea environment, the oil and gas industry currently uses aluminum alloys for Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), but due to its limited information regarding long-term application in seawater, these alloys are not generally selected for subsea structural purposes. The aim of the current paper is to compare the performance of three different aluminum alloys through electrochemical tests in artificial seawater and under accelerated intergranular corrosion (IGC) tests. Samples were tested through potentiodynamic polarization (ASTM(1) G61), under aerated and de-aerated environments, and in order to compare their IGC resistance, they were tested following ISO(2) 11846 (method B). The polarization curves revealed that the open circuit potential (OCP) increased when the solution moved from de-aerated to aerated. Additionally, no improved performance was seen from any alloy tested concerning pitting and repassivation potential, even when subjected to different aeration conditions. Finally, the IGC testing was satisfactory to distinguish the alloys’ IGC resistance.

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Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel With and Without Residual Elements

Product Number: 51320-14245-SG

Author: Suresh Divi, Sri Krishna Chimbli

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Residual elements (RE) in carbon steel, not specifically included in the specified steel, appear to influence the corrosion rate under certain conditions, especially in services involving hydrofluoric acid (HF). The relative proportions of RE, specifically %C, %Ni, %Cu, and %Cr in carbon steel base and weld metals used in refineries, especially in alkylation processes with HF as the catalyst, significantly impact corrosion behavior. Studies described in the literature show corrosion damage with high RE (Cu + Ni + Cr >0.20) components as compared to low RE (Cu + Ni + Cr <0.20) components.

In this study, electrochemical corrosion testing was performed on a 3-inch pipe elbow section with high REs that had developed a through-wall leak in service. Test results were compared to those obtained on a similar pipe elbow section with lower REs. The samples were exposed to 50% HF at room temperature and at 65°C. Linear polarization resistance (LPR) corrosion rates were measured at both temperatures. Potentiodynamic (PD) polarization scans were performed on samples of low and high RE steel exposed to 50% HF at room temperature.

Test results indicated that LPR corrosion rates were higher for the high RE carbon steel samples than for low RE carbon steel samples at both temperatures. PD scans showed that the critical current densities were higher for high RE steel than for low RE steel.

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Electrochemical Corrosion Behaviors Of Nuclear Waste Package Materials

Product Number: 51321-17009-SG

Author: V.K. Gattu; J.L. Jerden; W.L. Ebert; Eric Lee; J.E. Indacochea

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Electrochemical Corrosion Evaluation Of Boral® Panels From The Decommissioned Zion Nuclear Power Plant Spent Fuel Pool

Product Number: 51321-16548-SG

Author: Roderick E. Fuentes; Ronald L. Kesterson; Christopher G. Verst; Robert L. Sindelar; Eric Focht

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Electrochemical Crack Size Effect in Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Fatigue

Product Number: 51317--8853-SG

ISBN: 8853 2017 CP

Author: Alan Turnbull

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

The growth rate of small and long stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue cracks in 12Cr steam turbine blade steels in low conductivity water containing 35 ppm Cl- (simulating upset steam condensate chemistry) showed a significant dependence on crack size for the same mechanical driving force.

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Electrochemical Injection of Corrosion Inhibitors and Chloride Extraction for Protection of Steel Reinforcement

Product Number: 51319-13451-SG

Author: Milan Kouril

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Electrochemical chloride extraction from a reinforced concrete structure may be accompanied with an electrochemical injection of healing agents if such agents are positively charged and are able migrate towards the activated reinforcement. Positive charge carrying nanoparticles or cationic corrosion inhibitors might be the proper choice. Organic substances with a positive charge and their salts are mostly such inhibitors. Critical concentration of chlorides was investigated for fresh and carbonated concrete pore solution. Corrosion inhibition efficiency was evaluated by means of polarization resistance as a measure of corrosion rate. Sodium nitrite was taken as a reference corrosion inhibitor. Migration tests were performed in order to test the migration ability of promising cation corrosion inhibitors namely guanidine carbonate methylamine tetrabutylammonium bromide tetrabutylphosphonium bromide or triethylenetetraammine. Concentration profile of the inhibitors and chlorides was investigated in the testing concrete blocks. The best results have been obtained for guanidine carbonate and triethylenetetraammine. Both showed migration ability and reasonable corrosion inhibition efficiency. The migration characteristics of the cationic corrosion inhibitors were supplemented by numerical modelling.Acknowledgements: Financial support of the Czech Science Foundation (project 16-11879S) is gratefully acknowledged.

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Electrochemical Investigation Into the Influence of Monoethylene Glycol on CO2 Corrosion in the Presence of Acetic Acid

Product Number: 51321-16332-SG

Author: Md Mayeedul Islam/Rolf Gubner/Thunyaluk Pojtanabuntoeng

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Electrochemical Investigation Of Alloys For Alkaline Water Electrolyzers

Product Number: 51321-16975-SG

Author: Morten Tjelta; Simona Palencsar, Jon Kvarekvål

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Electrochemical Investigation of Duplex Stainless Steel Cladded Carbon Steel Manufactured via Powder

Product Number: 51319-13538-SG

Author: Pratik Murkute

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

The duplex stainless steels find extensive applications where there is a need for highly corrosion resistant materials i.e. oil and gas industry nuclear power generation seawater applications. This study aims to investigate the electrochemical and corrosion properties of duplex stainless steel cladded carbon steel manufactured using powder bed the selective laser melting (PB-SLM) technique in 3.56 wt.% NaCl solution. The PB-SLM technique involves spreading of a thin layer of duplex stainless steel powder on a mild steel substrate and localized melting with Yb - fiber laser. Crucial parameters of the PB-SLM process such as laser power laser-scanning speed and layer thickness were optimized and fine-tuned to achieve the best possible bonding between the clad material and the carbon steel substrate. Using the optimized process parameters carbon steel substrates were cladded with stainless steel of various thicknesses. Several mechanical and microscopic tests (viz. nano-indentation X-ray diffraction Scanning electron microscopy) were performed to characterize both the bulk properties of the stainless steel layer and the interface between the cladding and the substrate. Electrochemical and corrosion properties were tested via. open-circuit potential monitoring electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic polarization (CP) in the said electrolyte. Scanning vibrating electrode technique was employed to study the galvanic corrosion properties of the duplex stainless steel and carbon steel at the clad-substrate interface.

NACE Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance