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Electrochemical Behavior of the Austenitic Stainless Steel Susceptibility to Sulfide Stress Cracking in H2S Containing Brines

Picture for Electrochemical Behavior of the Austenitic Stainless Steel Susceptibility to Sulfide Stress Cracking in H2S Containing Brines
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Austenitic stainless steels are widely in use in oil & gas production environments providing effective protection for mitigation of general corrosion due to the presence of CO2 in the produced fluids. However there is little agreement on the service limits when exposed in environments that contain H2S particularly in relation to the susceptibility to chloride stress corrosion cracking (SCC) assisted by H2S.This paper presents the results obtained from the evaluation of the electrochemical behavior using a combination of direct and alternate current methods of the passive layer formed by 316L stainless steel in the presence of brines of different ionic strength in equilibrium with a gas phase at 400 psi containing up to 60% mol of H2S (bal. CO2). The objective of the study is to evaluate the effects of temperature H2S and Cl- concentration on the pitting onset and the likelihood of SCC.The results obtained indicate that the decrease of the pitting potential is consistent with the passive layer formed on the 316L stainless steel increasing the electron donor carrier density at constant temperature. In this context the Cl- content in the brine exerts a larger effect than the H2S activity. The solution temperature was found to push the pitting and open circuit potential in more active direction due to the increase of kinetics effects independently of the H2S activity.The increase in the susceptibility to SCC was found to be proportional to the H2S content in the brine at constant temperature and chloride level; however the threshold H2S content to induce SCC is shown to increase with the brine ionic strength. This behavior is consistent with the observed reduced SCC susceptibility at higher chlorides and the presence of metastable pitting which is intensified by the activity of H2S .

Product Number: 51319-12854-SG
Author: Raymundo Case
Publication Date: 2019
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51318-11257-Sulfide Stress Cracking of Super 13Cr Martensitic Stainless Steel – Localized Corrosion and Hydrogen

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Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistance of High Strength Low Alloy Steels with Varying Nickel Content

Product Number: 51319-12900-SG
Author: Karthik Krishnan
Publication Date: 2019
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Low alloy steels are one of the most commonly used material systems in oil and gas fields as they can be heat treated to appropriate strength levels including higher strengths such as 758 MPa (110 ksi) and 862 MPa (125 ksi) minimum yield strength while providing economical solutions for various oilfield conditions. Higher hardenability of low alloy steels is an important factor to ensure proper heat treatment to higher strength levels and this is typically achieved by addition of elements such as Chromium (Cr) Molybdenum (Mo) Nickel (Ni) etc. in the alloy chemistry. It is also essential to ensure adequate toughness in these high strength steels to reduce risk of brittle fracture. Increasing Ni content in the chemistry of low alloy steel can provide increased hardenability while maintaining good toughness when heat treated to high strengths. However the guidelines of NACE MR0175/ISO 15156-2 currently restrict the maximum Ni content to 1% mass fraction and in general recommend use of Cr-Mo type low alloy steels such as 41XX series in sour (H2S) service. This has generally led to exclusion of low alloy steels containing higher Ni such as 43XX series in sour service. In this paper an effort is made to evaluate the sulfide stress cracking (SSC) resistance of common grades of Cr-Mo and Ni-Cr-Mo steels heat treated to high strength using NACE TM0177 Method A testing. This would also assist when comparing the cracking resistance of high strength low alloy steels with greater than 1% mass fraction Ni content to those which are within this limit.Keywords: high strength low alloy steel Cr-Mo Ni-Cr-Mo sulfide stress cracking (SSC) 1% Nickel content
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