Save 20% on select titles with code HIDDEN24 - Shop The Sale Now
We are unable to complete this action. Please try again at a later time.
If this error continues to occur, please contact AMPP Customer Support for assistance.
Error Message:
Please login to use Standards Credits*
* AMPP Members receive Standards Credits in order to redeem eligible Standards and Reports in the Store
You are not a Member.
AMPP Members enjoy many benefits, including Standards Credits which can be used to redeem eligible Standards and Reports in the Store.
You can visit the Membership Page to learn about the benefits of membership.
You have previously purchased this item.
Go to Downloadable Products in your AMPP Store profile to find this item.
You do not have sufficient Standards Credits to claim this item.
Click on 'ADD TO CART' to purchase this item.
Your Standards Credit(s)
1
Remaining Credits
0
Please review your transaction.
Click on 'REDEEM' to use your Standards Credits to claim this item.
You have successfully redeemed:
Go to Downloadable Products in your AMPP Store Profile to find and download this item.
Bio-oils are renewable and clean energy sources, which can be used to partial or completely replace fossil fuel. Fast pyrolysis is a promising and by far the only industrially realized approach to convert dry biomass into biofuels, particularly the liquid bio-oils. However, the poor quality of fast pyrolysis oil including thermal instability, high viscosity and acidity, high oxygen and water content, and low heating value makes it hard to be directly used as transportation fuels.
Buried steel pipelines operating in soil environments are constantly under threat from corrosion, a phenomenon which jeopardizes their structural integrity and escalates the risk of material degradation, leakage, and subsequent environmental hazards. A holistic understanding of the corrosion process in soil environments is essential for strengthening infrastructural resilience and upholding environmental sustainability.
Corrosion of metals in soils is dictated by a complex confluence of several factors, including aeration, pH, moisture content, ionic composition, electrical resistivity, and microbial activity1.
Protection effectiveness of commercially available vapor corrosion inhibitors powders with different particle size was evaluated. Conventional powder size of and nano-particle powder inhibiting effectiveness was compared using the vapor-inhibiting ability (VIA) NACE TM 208.
This study investigates the influence of thermal cycle as a result of repeated welding heat input on the mechanical and microstructural properties of the SA516 Gr 65 steel plates weldment in as-welded condition. The test specimens used were having an identical joint design, welded with submerged arc welding (SAW) process. Three different heat inputs of 0.96kJ/mm (low heat input), 1.5kJ/mm (medium heat input) and 3.58 kJ/mm (high heat input) were used for welding three individual specimens. All weld longitudinal tensile testing, Charpy V-notch impact test and weld metal & heat affected zone (HAZ) microstructural testing were done. The work shows that low heat input (LHI) produced welds with highest yield, tensile strength and toughness in the weld metal whereas high heat input (HHI) resulted in decrease in yield, tensile strength and toughness in the weld metal. Increased level of acicular ferrite and a fine grain structure in weldment were achieved with LHI, while the HHI produced coarse grain structure in the weldment and in the HAZ.
During drilling operations the drillstring might be subjected to downhole conditions leading to pitting corrosion. State-of-the-art directional drilling technologies are very demanding in terms of material requirements including corrosion resistance. Manganese-stabilized fully austenitic stainless steels in strain-hardened condition own a beneficial combination of high strength high ductility and high toughness by keeping their own non-magnetic character. Therefore CrMn-stainless steels have been extensively used in drilling equipment. Once in contact with high chloride bearing drilling fluids at elevated temperatures however their passivity is compromised leading to pit nucleation and propagation. In consequence the pitting corrosion resistance of these materials becomes a significant limiting factor for their selection as well as for assessing the service life of drillstring components. To date extensive research work has been conducted to characterize the pitting susceptibility of CrMn-stainless steels under static conditions. Little attention however has been paid to the effect of shear stresses introduced by the flow of the drilling fluid on the pitting resistance and damage morphology produced on these materials when exposed to brines at elevated temperatures. To address this electrochemical examinations were conducted using the rotating cylinder electrode (RCE). The present paper discusses the results from potentiodynamic polarization tests and their relation to the hydrodynamic conditions produced in the RCE at different temperatures.
Drop evaporation test at three different temperatures were conducted with duplex stainless steel for the study of the influence of temperature strain and welding energy on its stress corrosion cracking (SCC) suitability. Three welding conditions were performed: regular condition according to N133 standard other with low welding energy with the objective of causing high ferrite content in the fusion zone and other with high welding energy in order to induce the precipitation of deleterious phases in the heat affected zone. The specimens were assayed with three different tensile stresses with a bending device and assayed for 500 hours and dripped with synthetic sea water solution with a flow rate of 10 ± 1 drops per minute. All specimens tested with a temperature of 110ºC showed a fracture in the region adjacent to the drip below the salt deposit and away from the weld with the presence of multiple nucleation and branched crack propagation. The fracture surface showed topography similar to cleavage with small regions of decohesion. The test specimens tested at 90ºC only showed localized corrosion preferential of the ferrite it occurred also in the region adjacent to the drip. The results showed that the crevice condition introduced by the salt layer offered more severe conditions than the welding conditions. The same tests were made with the dropping aiming adjacent region at temperatures of 70ºC and 90ºC to induce the crack in critical regions like fusion zone or heat affected zone but there was no evidence of SCC indicating that the critical temperature is higher than 90ºC even with non-standard welding conditions.
Feedwaters for industrial cooling water systems contain a variety of metal cations (such as calcium magnesium barium etc.) and anions (such as carbonate sulfate phosphate etc.) which overall constitute scaling ions. Their combination (depending on the particular water chemistry and solubility products) creates precipitates and deposits. These mineral salts cause enormous operational problems upon their deposition onto critical equipment surfaces (eg. membranes heat exchanger tubing tower fill etc.). Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphates are the most frequently encountered deposits. Other deposits although less common are equally troublesome. These include amorphous (colloidal) silica. Prevention of scale formation is greatly preferred by industrial water users to the more costly laborious (and potentially hazardous) chemical and mechanical cleaning (for example HF is required for the dissolution of silica deposits) of the adhered scale after a scaling event.This paper focuses on amorphous/colloidal silica fouling and its control by additive-driven inhibition. The use of several designed treatment additives will be described with emphasis on the structural elements of inhibitors used. These efforts address the question “what are the chemical moieties that contribute to silica inhibition and why”? Almost all silica inhibitors are polymers (either charged or uncharged). Certain silica scale inhibitors described can maintain up to ~ 400 ppm soluble silica in solution. Attention will also be paid to the designed chemical approaches that should be used to combat silica scale for example the use of inhibitor blends in search for potential synergistic effects. A detailed analysis will be given on the entire chemical treatment process starting from proper selection of the treatment program to proper application to effective monitoring and maintenance of system performance. Finally the general scope of silica chemistry fundamentals will be presented.
Corrosion and wear resistance has always been among the highly important parameters forequipment and piping in oil and gas facilities. The corrosion is considered as the deteriorationof materials as a result of electrochemical reaction with surrounding environment or containedservice. Wear is defined as the removal and deformation of material due to mechanicalinteraction between two or more objects. Increased demand for surface protection and reducedoperative costs touts for protective coatings with improved mechanical, electrochemical, andtribological properties.