AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

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Modeling Corrosion of Corrosion-Resistant Alloys in Complex Environments in Wide Concentration Ranges

Product Number: 51324-20731-SG

Author: Deepti Ballal; Andre Anderko

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Corrosion in acidic solutions frequently leads to equipment failure in industry. The ability to model corrosion in acidic solutions is thus necessary to increase asset integrity. A prerequisite for any corrosion model is the accurate knowledge of solution thermodynamics. In this study, a previously developed electrochemical module has been integrated with the Mixed-Solvent Electrolyte (MSE) thermodynamic model. MSE has been previously proven to accurately represent the behavior of solutions, including solubility limits, pH, and transport properties. Here, the accuracy of MSE in predicting speciation in acidic systems is demonstrated. The electrochemical module, which incorporates partial anodic and cathodic reactions, can model active corrosion, active-passive transition, as well as dissolution in the passive state. The model is shown to quantitatively predict the corrosion rates of two duplex stainless steels, i.e., 2507 (UNS S32750) and 255 (UNS S32550) in acid mixtures containing both oxidizing and non-oxidizing acids. The effects of aggressive (fluoride and chloride) and inhibitive (nitrate) species are also accurately predicted. Simulated polarization curves are presented for the mixed acid systems to illustrate the effect of different species on the anodic and cathodic processes.

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Modeling Corrosion Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Product Number: 51319-12873-SG

Author: Martin Gagne

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

A bare pavement policy for roads and highways initiated in the United States in the 1950’s has lead to a significant use of road de-icing salts during winter maintenance periods which has accelerated deterioration of reinforced concrete bridge structures. The cause is due to the now well recognized chloride induced corrosion of the plain (black) reinforcing steel resulting in spalling of the concrete cover. A Monte Carlo probability analysis was performed for three types of reinforcing steel based on the condition of the reinforced concrete bridge deck and the chloride exposure distribution for the State of Virginia. The diffusion of this chloride loading into concrete decks and its effects on service life of epoxy-coated rebar batch galvanized steel rebar and 316LN stainless steel rebar was then calculated. The behavior of chloride diffusion was considered for initial surface crack densities of 0 3 6 and 12% of the deck area. A low-permeability concrete typical of present practice in Virginia was used. The total present cost (TPC) and life-cycle cost (LCC) figures show that galvanized steel rebar provides the most cost-effective protection for reinforced bridge decks with a 100 year life.

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Modeling Lead and Copper Corrosion and Solubility in Municipal Water Distribution Systems

Product Number: 51317--9104-SG

ISBN: 9104 2017 CP

Author: Robert Ferguson

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

A two-fold approach to computer modeling of lead and copper corrosion, and the maximum solubility of same in the municipal water. Uses: 1. Model lead and copper corrosion. 2. Model the maximum solubility of same. 3. Predict the impact of changing water sources. 4. Predict the impact of treatments.

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Modeling of Current Paths in Advanced Electrochemical Sensors for Improving Corrosion Data Interpretation

Product Number: 51319-13395-SG

Author: Margaret Ziomek-Moroz

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Proton conductive membrane-based sensors allow for electrochemical measurements in low-water content environments. However electrode placement on the membrane promotes unconventional current pathways. As such electrode and membrane geometries can impact electrochemical analysis of corrosion and conductivity measurements. In conventional sensors the current carried by ions in the conducting media is able to travel in a 1-dimensional path between the electrode surfaces and so the current path between these electrodes are uniform. However advanced sensors with membranes laid atop the electrode surfaces requires a 2 or 3-dimensional analysis. The current path is first normal to then parallel to the current-collecting electrode’s surface. In this case the intensity of this current can vary strongly across the surface of the electrode which means a correction is required when incorporating the effective contact area of the electrode during analysis. In this paper we utilize finite element analysis to model the current pathway and intensity for membrane-based corrosion sensors. Results provide correction factors incorporated into data analysis approaches that improve the use of planar membrane-based corrosion sensors for monitoring natural gas transportation pipelines.

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Modeling of Multi-Pipeline Corridor CP Potential Profile with Common Cathodic Protection System

Product Number: 51317--8910-SG

ISBN: 8910 2017 CP

Author: Rogelio De Las Casas

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Analytical solutions of the potential profile of several pipelines in the same right of way (ROW) are coupled with analytical solutions of cathodic protection (CP) groundbeds and modeled in 3-D.

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Modeling Stress Corrosion Cracking With Explicit 3D Grain Microstructure

Product Number: ED22-17160-SG

Author: Benjamin S Anglin, Thomas W Web

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Type 304 stainless steel (304 SS) in elevated temperature (288 °C) high purity water is typically an intergranular (IG) process with cracks propagating along grain boundaries, which are mesoscopic entities relevant on the grain scale. It follows then that the nature of the grain boundaries plays a significant role in SCC. In fact, for IG SCC to occur three things must be present: 1) stress; 2) a corrosive environment; and 3) susceptible grain boundaries. SCC growth rate (SCCGR) equations for 304SS in high temperature, high purity water, test orientation, temperature, material composition, and sensitization.

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Modeling the Service Life of Corrosion Protection Coatings

Product Number: 51323-19068-SG

Author: M. Gagné

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The life of corrosion protection coating systems very often will not meet the design life of the steel structures they are supposed to protect. Decisions about corrosion protection coating selection are usually focusing on the costs for the initial application, ignoring the certain future maintenance costs. However, repeated maintenance operations, and resulting downtime, can add significantly to the total cost of ownership.

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Modelling Electrolytic Hydrofluoric Acid In The Fractionation Phase Change Corrosion Zone Of HF Alkylation Units

Product Number: 51322-17520-SG

Author: Andy C. Gysbers, J. Tim Korstanje, Michael S. Cayard, Peiming Wang, Ezequiel Vincent

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is used as a catalyst in the alkylation process to react isobutane with olefin feeds to manufacture a high octane alkylate product used in gasoline blending. The HF catalyst is added in its anhydrous liquid form (< 400 ppmw H₂O) but as it circulates in the reaction system, residual water in the Paper No. 17520 liquid hydrocarbon feed is absorbed by the acid such that the circulating reaction acid builds up a small percentage (0.5 to 2.0 mass%) of water. This water/HF mixture is also referred to as rich HF (RHF). In addition, the alkylation reactions also will generate fluorocarbons and acid soluble oils (ASOs).

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Modelling of Corrosion Under Insulation in Oil Sands

Product Number: 51323-19209-SG

Author: Andrea Marciales, Martin Huard, Kofi Freeman Adane

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

According to the Petroleum Safety Authority (PSA) in Norway, corrosion under insulation (CUI) caused about 50% of all hydrocarbon leaks at onshore plants. In the case of Alberta’s oil sands, CUI has also been observed in thermal operations in above ground assets carrying emulsions, steam, hot water and/or warm water that are externally insulated to ensure safe and energy efficient operations. CUI has also been observed in oil sands mining operations in various piping systems and in tanks and vessels on structural supports and insulated support rings that are frequently in contact with soil or standing groundwater.

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Modelling Of IGSCC With Adaptive Framework

Product Number: ED22-17225-SG

Author: Michal Sedlak Mosesson, Pål Efsing

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking (IG-SCC) plays an important role as one of the most recognized degradation phenomena in Nuclear Power Plants (NPP). SCC is both multi-disciplinary with many parameters that are dependent on each other. This study was based on developing a multi-physics finite element model for IG-SCC prediction in unirradiated structural materials for non-pressure vessel components in NPPs. The environment considered was boiling water reactor (BWR) with normal water chemistry (NWC), containing approx. 200ppb oxidant (O2 + H2O2) and varying aggressive ions Cl-. The model was focused on the slip-oxidation model, where a crack is advancing by anodic dissolution, passivation, and oxide rupture at the crack tip. The rupture of the oxide film is due to the constant stresses applied creating slips in the bulk material which fractures the oxide.

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Modelling the Effects of Porous Iron Sulfide Layers on Sour Corrosion Behaviour

Product Number: 51319-13076-SG

Author: Jon Kvarekval

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Surface layers and deposits of iron sulfides formed from sour corrosion may exhibit both protective and corrosive properties depending on the types of iron sulfide formed and the physical structure of the layers. The protective barrier and blocking effects of the layers may be counteracted by significant cathodic activity on the surfaces of electrically conductive iron sulfides and galvanic corrosion of the underlying steel surface. Experimental and modelling work wereperformed to quantify the effects that parameters such as layer thickness and porosity H2S partial pressure temperature and pH can have on the electrochemical reactions aqueous equilibria and mass transport processes governing the corrosion rate. The results were discussed in the light of available literature and compared torelevant experimental sour corrosion data including both native corrosion product layers and applied iron sulfide deposits (UDC).

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Modern Corrosion Testing: From Traditional Salt Spray Test to the Latest Innovative Methods with Advanced Environmental Controls

Product Number: 41216-962-SG

Author: Sean Fowler, Jeffery Quill

Publication Date: 2016

$20.00

A century ago, automotive companies developed the laboratory salt spray corrosion test method standardized in ASTM B117. Even then they knew this quality control test did not produce realistic exposures. Wet-dry cyclic tests provided modest improvements in correlation and have been used in architectural applications for many years.

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance