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Influence of Oxygen Diffusion Coefficients and Soil Moisture Content on the Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel

Product Number: MECC23-20174-SG

Author: Layan AlSharif; Mohammed Alshahrani; Abdulrahman Alqahtani; Hussam Attar; Othman Alolayan

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Buried steel pipelines operating in soil environments are constantly under threat from corrosion, a phenomenon which jeopardizes their structural integrity and escalates the risk of material degradation, leakage, and subsequent environmental hazards. A holistic understanding of the corrosion process in soil environments is essential for strengthening infrastructural resilience and upholding environmental sustainability.

Corrosion of metals in soils is dictated by a complex confluence of several factors, including aeration, pH, moisture content, ionic composition, electrical resistivity, and microbial activity1.

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Influence of Pb and Cl in Waste Wood Fuel on Furnace Wall Corrosion of Low Alloyed Steel and Alloy 625

Product Number: 51324-21033-SG

Author: Annika Talus; Rikard Norling; Alice Moya Núñez

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Firing waste wood in thermal power plants can lead to furnace wall corrosion due to corrosive elements such as chlorine, heavy metals, and alkali metals present in the fuel. This study investigates the influence of lead and chlorine on furnace wall corrosion of a low alloyed steel (16Mo3) and a nickel-based alloy (Alloy 625) during two field exposures using an air-cooled probe. Two two-week long test campaigns firing two different waste wood fuels (higher and lower lead and chlorine content) were carried out, exposing samples having metal temperatures in the interval 350-400 °C. The corrosion rates were determined using thickness loss measurements. The samples were examined using SEM/EDS/WDS and XRD techniques, to characterize the morphology and composition of the corrosion products. The findings suggest that higher lead and chlorine content in the fuel results in a higher corrosion rate for both materials; aggravated further above 370 °C. On 16Mo3 samples, iron oxides and chlorides, and chlorine-rich compounds are observed. Pits are observed on Alloy 625 samples, filled with nickel- and chromium-containing oxides mixed with corrosive species. The presence of lead compounds (e.g. lead molybdate) in connection to pits suggests active participation of lead in the corrosion process above 370 °C.

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Influence of Powder Size of the Vapor Corrosion Inhibitor on Inhibiting Effectiveness

Product Number: 51317--8851-SG

ISBN: 8851 2017 CP

Author: Behzad Bavarian

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Protection effectiveness of commercially available vapor corrosion inhibitors powders with different particle size was evaluated. Conventional powder size of and nano-particle powder inhibiting effectiveness was compared using the vapor-inhibiting ability (VIA) NACE TM 208.

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Influence of Repeated Welding Thermal Cycle on The Mechanical Properties of SA516 Steel Weldment

Product Number: MPWT19-14345

Author: Sandeep Kumar, Abdulla Ali Juma

$0.00

This study investigates the influence of thermal cycle as a result of repeated welding heat input on the mechanical and microstructural properties of the SA516 Gr 65 steel plates weldment in as-welded condition. The test specimens used were having an identical joint design, welded with submerged arc welding (SAW) process. Three different heat inputs of 0.96kJ/mm (low heat input), 1.5kJ/mm (medium heat input) and 3.58 kJ/mm (high heat input) were used for welding three individual specimens. All weld longitudinal tensile testing, Charpy V-notch impact test and weld metal & heat affected zone (HAZ) microstructural testing were done. The work shows that low heat input (LHI) produced welds with highest yield, tensile strength and toughness in the weld metal whereas high heat input (HHI) resulted in decrease in yield, tensile strength and toughness in the weld metal. Increased level of acicular ferrite and a fine grain structure in weldment were achieved with LHI, while the HHI produced coarse grain structure in the weldment and in the HAZ.

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Influence of Shear Stress on the Pitting Corrosion Susceptibility of Austenitic Stainless Steel in Brine Evaluated in the Rotating Cylinder Electrode

Product Number: 51319-13362-SG

Author: Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

During drilling operations the drillstring might be subjected to downhole conditions leading to pitting corrosion. State-of-the-art directional drilling technologies are very demanding in terms of material requirements including corrosion resistance. Manganese-stabilized fully austenitic stainless steels in strain-hardened condition own a beneficial combination of high strength high ductility and high toughness by keeping their own non-magnetic character. Therefore CrMn-stainless steels have been extensively used in drilling equipment. Once in contact with high chloride bearing drilling fluids at elevated temperatures however their passivity is compromised leading to pit nucleation and propagation. In consequence the pitting corrosion resistance of these materials becomes a significant limiting factor for their selection as well as for assessing the service life of drillstring components. To date extensive research work has been conducted to characterize the pitting susceptibility of CrMn-stainless steels under static conditions. Little attention however has been paid to the effect of shear stresses introduced by the flow of the drilling fluid on the pitting resistance and damage morphology produced on these materials when exposed to brines at elevated temperatures. To address this electrochemical examinations were conducted using the rotating cylinder electrode (RCE). The present paper discusses the results from potentiodynamic polarization tests and their relation to the hydrodynamic conditions produced in the RCE at different temperatures.

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Influence of Stress and Temperature on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Welded Duplex Stainless Steel Joints under Drop Evaporation Test

Product Number: 51319-13420-SG

Author: Neusvaldo de Almeida

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Drop evaporation test at three different temperatures were conducted with duplex stainless steel for the study of the influence of temperature strain and welding energy on its stress corrosion cracking (SCC) suitability. Three welding conditions were performed: regular condition according to N133 standard other with low welding energy with the objective of causing high ferrite content in the fusion zone and other with high welding energy in order to induce the precipitation of deleterious phases in the heat affected zone. The specimens were assayed with three different tensile stresses with a bending device and assayed for 500 hours and dripped with synthetic sea water solution with a flow rate of 10 ± 1 drops per minute. All specimens tested with a temperature of 110ºC showed a fracture in the region adjacent to the drip below the salt deposit and away from the weld with the presence of multiple nucleation and branched crack propagation. The fracture surface showed topography similar to cleavage with small regions of decohesion. The test specimens tested at 90ºC only showed localized corrosion preferential of the ferrite it occurred also in the region adjacent to the drip. The results showed that the crevice condition introduced by the salt layer offered more severe conditions than the welding conditions. The same tests were made with the dropping aiming adjacent region at temperatures of 70ºC and 90ºC to induce the crack in critical regions like fusion zone or heat affected zone but there was no evidence of SCC indicating that the critical temperature is higher than 90ºC even with non-standard welding conditions.

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Influence of Structural Features of Scale Inhibitors on the Control of Silica Scaling

Product Number: 51319-12861-SG

Author: Kostas Demadis

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Feedwaters for industrial cooling water systems contain a variety of metal cations (such as calcium magnesium barium etc.) and anions (such as carbonate sulfate phosphate etc.) which overall constitute scaling ions. Their combination (depending on the particular water chemistry and solubility products) creates precipitates and deposits. These mineral salts cause enormous operational problems upon their deposition onto critical equipment surfaces (eg. membranes heat exchanger tubing tower fill etc.). Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphates are the most frequently encountered deposits. Other deposits although less common are equally troublesome. These include amorphous (colloidal) silica. Prevention of scale formation is greatly preferred by industrial water users to the more costly laborious (and potentially hazardous) chemical and mechanical cleaning (for example HF is required for the dissolution of silica deposits) of the adhered scale after a scaling event.This paper focuses on amorphous/colloidal silica fouling and its control by additive-driven inhibition. The use of several designed treatment additives will be described with emphasis on the structural elements of inhibitors used. These efforts address the question “what are the chemical moieties that contribute to silica inhibition and why”? Almost all silica inhibitors are polymers (either charged or uncharged). Certain silica scale inhibitors described can maintain up to ~ 400 ppm soluble silica in solution. Attention will also be paid to the designed chemical approaches that should be used to combat silica scale for example the use of inhibitor blends in search for potential synergistic effects. A detailed analysis will be given on the entire chemical treatment process starting from proper selection of the treatment program to proper application to effective monitoring and maintenance of system performance. Finally the general scope of silica chemistry fundamentals will be presented.

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Influence Of Ternary Additives On Electrochemical And Mechanical Behaviors Of Electroless Ni-P Coatings

Product Number: 51322-17841-SG

Author: Omar Chaa, Ahmad Raza Khan Rana, George Jarjoura

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Corrosion and wear resistance has always been among the highly important parameters for
equipment and piping in oil and gas facilities. The corrosion is considered as the deterioration
of materials as a result of electrochemical reaction with surrounding environment or contained
service. Wear is defined as the removal and deformation of material due to mechanical
interaction between two or more objects. Increased demand for surface protection and reduced
operative costs touts for protective coatings with improved mechanical, electrochemical, and
tribological properties.

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Influence of the H2 Impurity on the Fatigue Crack Growth and Fracture in a Dense Phase CO2 Pipeline

Product Number: 51324-20721-SG

Author: B Bezensek; S Hopkin; J Sonke; F Gui; C Taylor

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Transport of dense phase CO2 by pipelines needs to account for possible degradation mechanisms arising due to H2 impurity which can be present in (typically) the 0.75 ~ 1 mol% range depending on the specification used. H2 gas can affect fatigue and fracture properties even at low partial pressures and hence the integrity. In this study a complementary experimental and computational modeling program was undertaken. API 5L X65 grade material samples were used for comparable testing in pure H2 gas at low partial pressure H2 and in dense phase CO2 at 100 barg with H2 impurity added in a 2 mol% and 4 mol% increments (i.e. partial pressures of 2 barg and 4 barg). The test results show effect of the H2 impurity in the dense phase CO2 accelerated fatigue crack growth and reduced fracture toughness. These findings are supported by computational simulation using density functional theory and molecular dynamics. A scoping integrity assessment for a dense phase CO2 pipeline with H2 impurity at 2 mol% shows the measured accelerated fatigue crack growth only affects large pressure cycles (pressure range in excess of 70 bar for OD/WT pipelines of ~30). The fatigue life is significantly shortened compared to the pure CO2 pipeline and this is mainly driven by the reduced fracture toughness at low partial pressure H2. The fatigue damage is proportional to the maximum operating pressure (as it increases the pressure range). For a postulated 50-year design life a safe pipeline design window considering a range of conservative inputs (material properties, integrity operating window, geometry, postulated defect size etc.) a safe operating pressure of 2900 psig (200barg) was found for a new build pipeline using modern materials. For a repurposed vintage material pipeline the safe operating pressure was set at 2200 psig (150 barg). An ECA incorporating the deleterious effect of H2 should be conducted to confirm the above postulate unless the project falls within the limits of the conservative inputs (material properties, integrity operating window, geometry, postulated defect size etc.), from a fracture mechanics perspective, of the four case studies that form the basis of this overall study. Other impurities if exceeded their safe threshold may create water drop out and acid formation. It is imperative that the project specifications err on the side of caution and restrict the impurities to safe limits until further understanding of the complex interaction mechanisms is developed.

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Influence of the Hardening Phases on the Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Ni-Alloys based on UNS N07718

Product Number: 51320-14667-SG

Author: Julia Botinha, Bodo Gehrmann, Helena Alves

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

The Alloy UNS(1) N07718 is among the most used alloys in the oil and gas industry. Due to the presence of the alloying elements niobium, aluminum and titanium, this alloy is precipitation hardenable by the formation of the phases Gamma’ and Gamma’’. Although presenting excellent strength properties and good resistance in sour gas applications, this material is known to be susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement and most field failures are related to this limiting property.

The use of Alloy 718 (UNS N07718) for oil & gas applications is regulated by the API(2) 6ACRA1 standard and it is available in three different grades, the 120K, with minimum 120 ksi yield strength, the 140K, with minimum 140 ksi yield strength, and the 150K, with minimum 150 ksi yield strength. Previous studies showed that, due to the different hardening heat treatment parameters, each of the available grades presents a different precipitation behavior in terms of distribution and amount of precipitates, and the obtained microstructure is directly related to the resistance of the material to hydrogen embrittlement.

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Influence of the Soil Moisture Level and Differential Aeration Cell on the Corrosion Rate of Carbon Steel and Zinc Coated Steel

Product Number: 51324-20694-SG

Author: Erwan Diler; Philippe Verpoort; Souhail Amami; Ansbert De Cleene; Benoit Emo

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Soil is a complex media involving solid particles, gas and liquid phases. Among the many soil parameters influencing the corrosion rate, beyond the pH and resistivity, disregards the microbial activity, the moisture level and the related oxygen diffusion is usually pointed out as a key parameter. Depending on the soil texture and related ability to retain water, as well as the ground water level, differential aeration corrosion cells (DACC) might appear. Such phenomenon locally affects the corrosion rate and distribution by galvanic action. This phenomenon is particularly relevant for large metallic pieces such as buried pipes, tubular piles, and sheet piles. In this study, an experimental setup composed of 30 coupons in carbon steel or zinc coated steel was exposed in two different soils to a vertical gradient of moisture level. The setup allows measuring the corrosion potential and galvanic current of each coupon, before and after their interconnection. The obtained results highlight i) the influence of the moisture level and oxygen diffusion on the corrosion potential for both carbon steel and zinc, and ii) quantify the differential aeration corrosion cells. The results are compared to coupons exposed for 1 year in the same environment, with and without DACC.

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Influence Of The Surface Condition On The Pitting And SCC Resistance Of Alloy UNS N07718 Produced Via Selective Laser Melting

Product Number: 51321-16949-SG

Author: Madison Woolridge; Christoph Wangenheim; Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Individual Conference Papers

Influence of Oxygen Diffusion Coefficients and Soil Moisture Content on the Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel

Influence of Pb and Cl in Waste Wood Fuel on Furnace Wall Corrosion of Low Alloyed Steel and Alloy 625

Influence of Powder Size of the Vapor Corrosion Inhibitor on Inhibiting Effectiveness

Influence of Repeated Welding Thermal Cycle on The Mechanical Properties of SA516 Steel Weldment

Influence of Shear Stress on the Pitting Corrosion Susceptibility of Austenitic Stainless Steel in Brine Evaluated in the Rotating Cylinder Electrode

Influence of Stress and Temperature on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Welded Duplex Stainless Steel Joints under Drop Evaporation Test

Influence of Structural Features of Scale Inhibitors on the Control of Silica Scaling

Influence Of Ternary Additives On Electrochemical And Mechanical Behaviors Of Electroless Ni-P Coatings

Influence of the H2 Impurity on the Fatigue Crack Growth and Fracture in a Dense Phase CO2 Pipeline

Influence of the Hardening Phases on the Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Ni-Alloys based on UNS N07718

Influence of the Soil Moisture Level and Differential Aeration Cell on the Corrosion Rate of Carbon Steel and Zinc Coated Steel

Influence Of The Surface Condition On The Pitting And SCC Resistance Of Alloy UNS N07718 Produced Via Selective Laser Melting

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