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As previously reported, the gap between electrochemical measurements for systems under bulk conditions and those under thin film layers of electrolyte is still important. Under thin film layers, it is not straightforward to take advantage of the typical three-electrode cell to electrochemically characterize a metallic surface under corrosion. Only a few localized electrochemical techniques are able to achieve measurements under thin films of moisture. It is important to bear in mind that the mechanism for corrosion under thin films is fully different from corrosion on bulk electrolytes and it is not valid to predict the behavior of the former system by extrapolating the latter.
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Historically the corrosion condition and cathodic protection (CP) effectiveness of pipeline networks have been monitored by over-the-line surveys. Pipe-to-soil potentials and rectifier outputs are the major parameters measured, and for some pipelines a more intensive close interval survey is executed. Today test stations and more frequently rectifiers are equipped with remote monitoring devices which is shifting the industry towards the world of digitization. Unfortunately, external corrosion is still not fully under control.
In-Line Inspection (ILI) technology is considered one of the safest and most efficient and reliable inspection method to inspect hydrocarbon pipelines. The retrieved data are usually validated and verified upon successful completion of the inspection. This paper is intended to introduce a new approach to validate the ILI run based on a statistical analysis comparing the new ILI run with a previous ILI run of the same pipeline by leveraging a root mean square (RMS) model to quantify the similarity between the datasets. API-1163 and Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA) offer consistent criteria as a validation methodology for a new ILI run. Also, this paper will demonstrate a new scoring criterion for accepting Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) runs with partial data loss as number of MFL runs experience unexpected data loss, which might affect the minimum reporting threshold of the tool. The approach will help pipeline operators to identify the criticality of the missed data via a detailed comparison with the previous MFL run for the same pipeline and detailed analysis of the behavior of the tool during the run. The scoring criteria is aligned with the Pipeline Operators Forum (POF) requirements for data loss. Multiple case studies extracted from actual data will be presented throughout the paper.
Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) constitute a specialized group of phylogenetically diverse anaerobes that are responsible for the dissimilatory reduction of sulfate to sulfide. They are present in a variety of environments, including oil- and gas-bearing formations, soils, and domestic, industrial, and mining wastewaters (1,2). SRB are a major concern in the oil and gas industry with significant economic and safety implication.
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a key risk to oil and gas infrastructure and confers great cost to asset owners. The AMPP 2021 IMPACT Canada study, which analyzed the energy, manufacturing, and mining sectors, shows the cost of corrosion in Canada is roughly $51.9 billion per year. To break this down further, MIC is estimated to make up roughly 20% of all corrosion which is roughly $10.4 billion in Canada alone, each year.
The suitability of valves in certain profiles for low-pressure pure and blended hydrogen gas service has been investigated. To achieve this, the existing standards, practices, design codes and regulations are reviewed in this paper and the input of natural gas operators, engineering companies, valve manufacturers and experts has been utilized.
The research and trials done by natural gas operators is starting to reveal that the effect of low-pressure hydrogen gas on valves is negligible and the risks involved due to hydrogen embrittlement were low.
Accelerated corrosion test methods are regularly utilized in coating industries to predict the performance of coatings in real life exposure. The performance of coatings in these accelerated tests is a key step in the product development cycle. It is essential to understand different factors that may introduce variability in the test result.
The calcium chloride moisture vapor transmission test has steadily gained acceptance in the floor coating industry. This paper discusses variables that affect the results of moisture vapor transmission testing, and presents the results of testing designed to measure the effects of certain environmental parameters on the results of calcium chloride moisture vapor transmission testing.