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Electroplating is a commonly used technique in a variety of industries for applying metallic coatings to a surface to enhance corrosion resistance, hardness and wear characteristics, for appearances, antigalling, conductivity, radiation shielding, or a variety of other deposit characteristics. Typical electroplating occurs when the part to be plated is submersed in a tank of plating solution with an anode and electrical current is applied between the two. Using this method, any part of the work piece which does not require plating must be physically masked off with a non-electrically conductive material such as tape in order to keep the plating material from adhering where it is not wanted.
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Over the last 30 years clear coatings and sealers have gone from a secondary supporting role in the decorative concrete industry to a primary role with an established and defined market presence. This paper will discuss the history of clear coatings and sealers as they have evolved to meet the rapidly changing demands of the decorative concrete industry.
The paper written in 2019 concluded the following; Whilst we may think that all blast pots are the same, these tests show that not to be the case. The design of the pipework, remote control valves and media valves all contribute to the efficiency of the pot. The ability to precisely control the amount of grit being introduced into the airstream gives the operator much more control over grit usage and therefore overall efficiency and hence cost.
The formation of mineral scales is one of the most problematic threats to the oil and gas operations which can lead to loss of production, increased lifting costs and assets deterioration.1 Mineral scales can precipitate at any locations within an oil and gas production system and create blockage in perforations, production tubulars, pumps, and surface equipment. The formation of scale deposits can be attributed to the mixing of incompatible waters from different production zones or physical and chemical condition changes associated with produced water transporting from reservoir to wellhead and further to processing facilities.
Vapor resistance properties of architectural coatings that are used on or within an exterior wall can directly influence the moisture performance of the assembly. Through the use of computer modeling, the effect that various coating applications have on common exterior wall assemblies are studied using varying indoor and outdoor climatic conditions.
Facing the increasing industrial requirements on iron and steel products the importance of investigating hydrogen embrittlement has been rising straightly since Johnson first described the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of iron and steel in 1874. Since this day a lot of effort has been done on understanding and describing the mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement and how absorbed hydrogen performs in materials.
A 9-5/8 inch (244.8 mm) Tubing Retrievable Safety Valve (TRSV), which is a type of Sub Surface Safety Valve (SSSV) governed by API Specification 14A, was found to have failed when retrieved during workover operations in a gas production well in June 2019. This TRSV was installed in the well in November 2013 and was in production service from 2015 until November 2018 when the well was shut in for maintenance of surface equipment. In March 2019, with the well still shut in for maintenance, a rapid increase in the tubing-casing annulus (TCA) pressure was observed.
Bolted connections for subsea flanges and other components must be reliable as they are often used for pressure containing components (subsea Christmas trees, connectors …). When possible, the primary choice for bolting is low-alloy steel with a limitation of actual yield strength (135 ksi) and a maximum hardness of 34 HRC to prevent HSC.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers owns and operates the vast majority of the countries lock and dam structures for inland navigation. The large steel gates on these structures are subjected to a severe impact and abrasive environment while in immersion by debris such as timber, ice, steel drums, etc. High VOC vinyl resin coatings have historically been the best available coatings for these structures in this environment but have exhibited very poor performance at the water line where the impact and abrasion is at its worse.
Transmission pipeline companies utilize successive ILI tool runs to identify, size, and determine the corrosion growth rate (CGR) of pipeline features that may be detrimental to the operation of the pipeline [1, 2]. The importance of back-to-back ILI tool runs in monitoring and maintaining the safe operation of a pipeline is further supported by the methodologies’ incorporation by US regulators for high consequence areas. The calculated CGR from the ILI tool runs is used to determine maintenance digs required to mitigate the identified features prior to the next scheduled re-inspection interval.
The effect of carbon steel coupon surface finishing processes on corrosion in a carbon dioxide environment with high and low salinity. The system was also tested with and without chemical inhibitors.
In this paper, the CP current distribution with changing resistivities and the area of influence required to meet effective CP criteria, is studied. The results indicate that the tank pad electrolyte resistivity plays a significant role in achieving uniform CP current distribution. The paper also explores the use of Vapor Corrosion Inhibitor (VCI) and its effect on electrolyte resistivity and the resulting CP current distribution.