Save 20% on select titles with code HIDDEN24 - Shop The Sale Now
We are unable to complete this action. Please try again at a later time.
If this error continues to occur, please contact AMPP Customer Support for assistance.
Error Message:
Please login to use Standards Credits*
* AMPP Members receive Standards Credits in order to redeem eligible Standards and Reports in the Store
You are not a Member.
AMPP Members enjoy many benefits, including Standards Credits which can be used to redeem eligible Standards and Reports in the Store.
You can visit the Membership Page to learn about the benefits of membership.
You have previously purchased this item.
Go to Downloadable Products in your AMPP Store profile to find this item.
You do not have sufficient Standards Credits to claim this item.
Click on 'ADD TO CART' to purchase this item.
Your Standards Credit(s)
1
Remaining Credits
0
Please review your transaction.
Click on 'REDEEM' to use your Standards Credits to claim this item.
You have successfully redeemed:
Go to Downloadable Products in your AMPP Store Profile to find and download this item.
This paper shares experiences and challenges of corrosion risk assessment in the down-stream petroleum industries and simplify ways of managing corrosion through effective corrosion assessment regime.
Pipelines have been the main transportation pattern of oil and gas because of their safety and economy, which are considered as the lifeline of offshore oil and gas transportation. With the booming development of offshore oil industry, the frequency of pipeline leakage is also increasing. Corrosion is one of the important factors due to some characteristics such as operating environment, service life and transportation medium, etc., which damages the integrity of the pipeline and damage the normal operation of pipelines. Furthermore, leakage accidents caused by pipeline corrosion have occurred all over the world, accounting for 70~90% of total accidents, which has caused huge economy losses and catastrophic environmental damage.
The corrosion severity of an environment is important for both design and maintenance of infrastructure especially in marine and costal environments. Corrosion can vary drastically depending on conditions such as temperature, humidity, salt loading, and rain events.1 The interplay between these variables is quite complex so a variety of indirect techniques for quantifying corrosion severity are typically used. One common method is the determination of corrosion rate by measuring the mass loss of steel coupons exposed in the field. Measuring the change in mass of the steel coupon as a result of the corrosion product being removed from the substrate can provide the rate of corrosion after a specific exposure time in the field.
Development is needed for new materials to extend the life/reliability of surfaces used in geothermal turbines. Results of Tests and inspection of coatings on low carbon steel including; visual inspection, microstructural and chemical composition analysis with scannoing electro microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy.
The high temperature and chemical composition of the geothermal fluid results in corrosion damage of drilling equipment, well casing and other components made of steel and iron alloys used in geothermal power production. This corrosive nature of the geothermal environment decreases the service life and increases the need for maintenance of geothermal power plants and geothermal wells. The main reasons for the corrosion of components are hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) present in geothermal system.
External corrosion in uninsulated pipelines is normally able to be prevented by cathodic protection (CP). Generally, external corrosion on buried pipelines cannot occur if CP current is getting onto the pipe. CP is an electrochemical means of corrosion control in which the oxidation reaction in a galvanic cell is concentrated at the anode and suppresses corrosion of the cathode (pipe) in the same cell. For instance, to make a pipeline a cathode, an anode is attached to it.
CUI (Corrosion under insulation) refers to localized corrosion under thermal insulations, which pose integrity risks to the hydrocarbon facilities. 1 CUI is reportedly a driver behind 40-60% of failures in the facility piping. Smaller-sized piping (i.e., diameter < 4”) are even more prone to CUI, whereas reportedly 81% of failures in small-sized piping are due to CUI. 2 CUI-related failures and associated efforts comprise 10% of a facility’s maintenance budget. Management of CUI risks has always been challenging as it involves maneuvering numerous governing factors. The key driving factor behind CUI is the aerated moisture that comes from soaked thermal insulations.
Corrosion under thermal insulations namely CUI (Corrosion under insulation) is among the key damage mechanisms which poses integrity risk to the hydrocarbon facilities. CUI is reportedly known as the reason behind 40-60% of failures in the facility piping whereas small bore piping (i.e., NPS < 4”) are even more sensitive to CUI failures, where up to 81% of reported failures in small-sized piping are known to be from CUI. Monetary spending to inspect and fix CUI-related failures cost 10% of overall maintenance budget in a typical medium-sized oil refinery. CUI risk is influenced by numerous operational and environmental factors which impedes its management in a typical AIM (Asset integrity management) program.
A previous paper presented by the authors at SSPC 2015 demonstrated the futility and folly of attempting to use accelerated corrosion testing as a tool for predicting real world corrosion performance. The effect of corrosion was shown to be governed by the type of ions and the concentration of oxygen in the corrosion environment. By understanding these two factors, accelerated corrosion testing can, however, be used as an indicator of performance which may be encountered in the real world.
Lowering the volatile organic content (VOC) of industrial coatings has become a requirement in many reformulation and new coating development efforts, oftentimes in order to meet increasingly strict regulations. Driving VOC to lower levels and performance to higher levels can also offer a more sustainable coatings solution for the end-user. Lowering VOC and maintaining (or improving upon) high performance is often the goal when developing a new formulation, but the two objectives can be at odds with each other.
Some of the toughest environments for protective coatings to withstand are seen in the power industry, particularly within the flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process. Temperatures within the different areas throughout the system may reach 350-450°F (177-232°C) and then be cooled to ambient temperatures upon shutdown of the unit.