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The Wafra Joint Operation (WJO) Oilfield is located in the central-west part of the Kuwait-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone. The Wafra oilfield reserves were first discovered and wells drilled in 1954. This field produces two types of crude oil, Ratawi (light oil) and Eocene (heavy oil), with average water cut of 8085%. During operation, the production wells produce the oil emulsion through mostly coated flowlines to sub-centres (SC) where the sour oil, water and gas are separated. The facility has two gathering fields; Eocene and Ratawi. Eocene has 2 phase separation, whilst Ratawi has 3 phase separation. The sour gas is either flared or flows to the Main Power Generation Plant, whilst the oil is processed to the Main Gathering Center (MGC). The produced waters (PW) are routed to the Pressure Maintenance Plant (PMP).
The abrupt shutdown of the Joint Operations (JO) production facilities led to a deviation from normal shutdown standard operating procedures such as draining and purging of the corrosive production fluids. Consequently, the ensuing deterioration, as a result of corrosion and other associated damage mechanisms, is bound to increase the integrity threats to JO equipment and therefore, negatively impact the restart of operation. The main anticipated damage mechanisms such as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) and under deposit corrosion (UDC) are likely to manifest in the form of pinhole leaks, leading to increased incidence of loss of containment and subsequent negative Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) consequences. This paper explores different mitigations that were utilized in maintaining the integrity of the JO equipment, including chemical preservation, the use of risk based assessment for the optimization of the chemical preservation methodology and subsequently, the use of enhanced preservation as a long-term preservation approach.
The crude oil produced by fracking or hydraulic fracturing method are high in sulfur content (0.5%)1. The vast majority of vessels that are used in the petrochemical industry to store and transport materials are constructed using Carbon steel. Coating linings used for corrosion protection inside of vessels and tanks must perform under severe conditions such as an exposure to corrosive gasses ( H2S) and carbon dioxide as well as high temperatures, high pressures and often must withstand the cold wall effect and rapid decompression.
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Robust integrity management plans are critical for ensuring the lifespan and preventing failures of manmade infrastructure, including the metal (carbon steel) infrastructure that dominates the oil and gas industry. In this sector and others, many types of corrosion can occur on metal infrastructure, including corrosion that involves the participation of microorganisms, commonly referred to as microbiologically influenced corrosion, or MIC. MIC can be difficult to diagnose as the cause of a given infrastructure failure because it is not a stand-alone mechanism – the physical and chemical properties of a system can influence the types of microorganisms that are present and active, while the metabolisms of these microorganisms can influence the surrounding chemistry and physical properties of a system.
Dubai Petroleum (the Operator) operates five offshore oil fields in the Emirate of Dubai (Fateh, South West Fateh, Falah, Jallilah and Rashid), in addition to various onshore gas production, storage, distribution and import facilities, and LNG import facilities. The assets within these offshore fields consist of approximately 80 platforms of various sizes, comprising central bridge linked processing facilities in Fateh and South West Fateh, and outlying normally unmanned wellhead production platforms. These platforms are linked by a network of over 150 subsea pipelines, of which over 30 are presently operational sea water injection pipelines.