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Deadleg Stress Corrosion Cracking Risks in SS Piping Systems in Refining and Renewable Units

Product Number: 51324-20816-SG

Author: Cathleen Shargay; Garry Jacobs; Shahab Soltaninia

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Although the problem of chloride stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of austenitic stainless steel drain lines in hydroprocessing units has been well known for many years, new questions on these deadlegs are arising with the renewable units handling biofuel feeds. Some potential issues are in the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) units and certain pretreatment units, wherever these units have high pressure SS piping. Many of the hydroprocessing unit case histories of leaks and cracks occurred shortly after startups from turnarounds and were attributed to water not being drained before startup. In contrast, some of the renewable units may have a risk of water condensing in deadlegs even during normal operation. The hydroprocessing unit case histories have been compiled to help to define the conditions, such as main line operating temperature and pressure which contribute to SCC in the deadlegs. The process chemistry, especially water content, oxygen and pH differences between the refining and renewable units are reviewed, and material recommendations are given for drain lines and other deadlegs in each type of unit.

Dealloying And Its Relationship To SCC Of Alloy 800 And Ni-Fe-Cr Alloys In Boiling Caustic Solutions

Product Number: ED22-17138-SG

Author: Hooman Gholamzadeh, Adil Shaik, Bander Alsekhan, Kevin Daub, Matthew Topping, Mark R. Daymond, Suraj Persaud

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Ni-based alloys and stainless steels have superior mechanical properties and good resistance to general and localized corrosion, mainly due to the formation of a passive film. Due to their properties, Ni-based
alloys and stainless steels have been historically used in applications where an aggressive environment is involved. For example, Ni- and Fe- based alloys have been extensively used in the nuclear power
industry. Despite their good corrosion performance, these materials have been shown to suffer from environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) in certain environments.

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Decision Making Under Uncertain Erosion Conditions Using The Probabilistic Model

Product Number: 51322-17813-SG

Author: Guanlan Liu, Francois Ayello, Jose Vera, Richard Eckert

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Erosion is one of the major threats of the pipeline integrity1 when it’s transporting liquid hydrocarbon products with solid particles. The erosion process decreases the effective wall thickness and therefore reduces the capacity of the pipeline to contain the pressured product. This can induce serious consequences including property, health and safety, environment, and business costs.

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Decontamination Chemical Compatibility With Protective Coatings

Product Number: 51322-18153-SG

Author: Sophia Xiaoxia Zhu, Benjamin T. A. Chang

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Most of atmospheric coatings and tank linings for offshore maintenance are routinely applied on rusted steel after dry abrasive blasting. It is well known that the salt contamination on rusted steels cannot be completely removed by dry abrasive blasting alone. Residual salt contamination, which is hidden in the corrosion pits, is difficult to remove mechanically. Depending on the rust severity, the residual salt content on the dry abrasive blasted steel surface can be in the range of 5-65 μg/cm². Too much residual salt contamination can be detrimental to coating performance. It could cause coating blistering, adhesion degradation, and under film corrosion which will result in a shorter service life, particularly in immersion service such as pipeline coatings or tank linings. Recently wet abrasive blasting (WAB) has been used as the surface preparation in conjunction with the decontamination chemicals.

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Defining High Performance At Low VOC: Waterborne Acrylic Dtms Under 25 G/L

Product Number: 51322-17829-SG

Author: Kathleen Auld, Matthew Padaon

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Today, the push to find more environmentally friendly solutions for paints and coatings has become very important. Paints contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), that contribute to ground level ozone and smog and can be harmful to human health and air quality. VOC limits for formulated coatings have been instituted by local governments to meet the highest air quality standards. One such regional regulation set a limit of 100 g/L for industrial maintenance coatings in the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) of Southern California in 2007.

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Demonstration of Electro-Osmotic Pulse (EOP) Technology to Mitigate Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete Pavement

Product Number: 51324-21198-SG

Author: Vincent F. Hock; Michael K. McInerney; J. Chad Pierce; Heather E. Creason

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Many private-sector, federal government, and Department of Defense (DoD) facilities experience the problem of concrete deteriorating via alkali-silica reaction (ASR). ASR is a form of concrete corrosion that slowly deteriorates concrete from the inside by forming highly expansive gels that cause cracking and swelling of the concrete matrix. This paper summarizes the results of a project that evaluated Electro-Osmotic Pulse (EOP) technology to mitigate ASR in an area of the visitor’s ramp at Campbell Army Airfield. An EOP system was designed, installed, and monitored in a concrete pavement section affected by ASR. In addition to installing EOP technology, concrete moisture monitoring probes were installed at selected locations. The performance of the EOP system was evaluated by recording temperature and moisture levels inside the concrete for a period of nine months. The ability of the EOP system to mitigate ASR is inconclusive. Although there are indications that moisture is being removed from the concrete pavement, it is not clear that the concrete’s internal relative humidity has been reduced below 80%, the moisture reduction value that ensures ASR will not occur. A long-term approach for performance monitoring must be completed before the technology can be recommended.

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Dependence Of Time To Fracture Due To Hydrogen Embrittlement On Stress, Hydrogen Content, And Temperature In Rebar For Prestressed Concrete

Product Number: 51322-17909-SG

Author: Takuya Kamisho, Ryuta Ishii, Masayuki Tsuda

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Rebars used in prestressed concrete structures are constantly subjected to tensile stress, and some rebars have been reported to fracture due to hydrogen embrittlement.1 It is important to know the hydrogen embrittlement behavior in rebars to prevent fractures. The effects of environmental conditions such as tensile stress, hydrogen content, and temperature on time to fracture have been evaluated individually;^2,3 however, their combined effects have not been clarified. The purpose of this study is to experimentally clarify the relationship between time to fracture due to hydrogen embrittlement and environmental conditions to which the rebars are subjected.

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Deploying an Innovative Method to Protect Pipelines During Excavation and Enhance Combating Corrosion

Product Number: MECC23-19929-SG

Author: Mahmoud A. Dweib; Syed K. Ahmed

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a key risk to oil and gas infrastructure and confers great cost to asset owners. The AMPP 2021 IMPACT Canada study, which analyzed the energy, manufacturing, and mining sectors, shows the cost of corrosion in Canada is roughly $51.9 billion per year. To break this down further, MIC is estimated to make up roughly 20% of all corrosion which is roughly $10.4 billion in Canada alone, each year.

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Deployment of Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) Assessment to Extend Turnaround and Inspection (T&I) Cycle of Crude Distillation Unit

Product Number: 51324-20836-SG

Author: Muhammed H Lutfallah; Kevin Galera; Maria G Faraj; Gener Guerrero; Mohannad A Alismail

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

In the refining industry, the Turnaround and Inspection (T&I) of processing plants has implications on the financial side and supply chain operations. Owner-operators have deployed different inspections and integrity management solutions to assess condition of plant equipment and explore opportunities for reducing downtime and deferral of the internal inspection. One of those solutions is Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) assessment, which is widely used to identify corrosion damage mechanisms, assess plant equipment condition, establish risk level and provide mitigation measures to the identified risks and qualify turnaround deferrals. This paper will describe the results of the Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) assessment performed on a Crude Distillation Plant. It will discuss the RBI methodology used in the assessment, corrosion damage mechanisms identified, risk drivers, and the recommendations made along with implemented inspection strategy and Non-Intrusive Inspection (NII) technologies to mitigate risks associated with identified damage mechanisms. The outcome of the assessment enabled safe and reliable 2-year deferral of the plant T&I while maximizing the facility utilization.

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Deposit-Induced Corrosion of Ni-Cr Alloys in Calcium-Based Salt Mixtures

Product Number: 51324-21212-SG

Author: Michael Kloesel; Nicholas Ury; Steven Maldonado; Harjot Singh; Diego Ochoa

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Corrosion of gas turbine components at high temperatures under salt deposits is a critical issue that adversely affects their performance and longevity. Calcium-containing compounds have been detected in the analysis of failed components. These compounds may have different origins, e.g., sand particles, salts from marine atmospheres, atmospheric pollutants, etc. The consequences of the reactions between the salt deposits and the alloy substrate can result in enhanced solute depletion, and removal/ destruction of the external protective scale. In this presentation, the focus will be on the effect of chromium concentration, and process variables such as temperature, time, and atmosphere, on the deposit-induced corrosion of model Ni-Cr alloys. In this paper results from the exposure of Ni- 5 Cr and Ni-18 Cr alloys are presented. These alloys were exposed to thin films of calcium sulfate combined with sodium chloride. The post-test coupons were characterized using optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy. Overall, the high chromium alloy (Ni-18 Cr) showed evidence of more extensive attack at 1000°C relative to the low chromium alloy (Ni-5 Cr) after 100 hours of exposure in both air and SO2/air mixtures containing 10 ppm SO2.

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Derivation of a Modified Stern-Geary Linear Polarization Equation. Application to Seawater Corrosion and Inhibitor Evaluation

Product Number: 51324-20986-SG

Author: Jose Vera; Ken Evans; Conchita Mendez

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Instantaneous corrosion rates are typically calculated as a function of the exposure time from the slope of linear polarization resistance (LPR) scans using the well-known Stern-Geary equation and assuming a constant B value that does not vary during the test. However, this assumption is not valid when the corrosion mechanism changes during the test due to, for example, injection of a corrosion inhibitor, formation of protective films or passivation. A methodology was implemented to detect significant changes in the B values during a test, by evaluating the Current vs Potential data of LPR scans instead of only the polarization resistance (Rp) calculated from the slope. In addition, the Stern-Geary equation is a valid approximation only if one anodic and one cathodic reaction are present at the corrosion potential. An exact modified Stern-Geary equation was derived for cases where up to two cathodic and two anodic reactions are prominent at the corrosion potential. This procedure was used to interpret Rp vs time data from seawater corrosion at relatively low O2 concentrations. Under these conditions, not only the iron oxidation to Fe2+ and oxygen reduction reaction will occur, but the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox reaction may also be prominent at the corrosion potential. The application of this method was also illustrated using experimental data from a typical corrosion inhibitor qualification test, where chemical dosages are injected after a pre-corrosion period.

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Design and Implementation of an Offshore Remote Monitoring System for Corrosion, Coating and Cathodic Protection Performance

Product Number: 51323-19265-SG

Author: Andreas Junker Olesen, Lars Vendelbo Nielsen, Lisbeth Rischel Hilbert, Frank Fontenay

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Remote monitoring of corrosion and cathodic protection using various methods have matured for decades with the onshore pipeline industry. With increasing activity offshore, and the highly corrosive and inaccessible environment taken into consideration, it is only natural that remote monitoring technology will find its way into this field. Offshore structures of steel are protected against corrosion with protective coatings and/or cathodic protection.

AMPP Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance