AMPP Store - AMPP Conference Papers

Available for download

Creep Life Assessment of Grade T91 Superheater Tubes Using Creep Void Density and Hardness Measurements – Case Studies

Product Number: 51323-19366-SG

Author: Ewa Labuda, Robert D. Bartholomew, and Emory H. Hull

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Long-term exposure of superheater tubes to normal operating conditions results in gradual changes in
the alloy's microstructure and properties eventually leading to creep cracking and failure. The method
used most frequently to predict the remaining life of these tubes is based on curves showing the variation
of the Larson-Miller parameter (LMP) with stress needed for creep rupture. This method works well for
Grades such as T11 and T22 alloy steels since the tube metal temperature can be reasonably well
estimated based on the ID scale thickness.

Available for download

Crevice Corrosion Of High-Grade Stainless Steels In Seawaters, Comparison Between Temperate And Tropical Locations

Product Number: 51322-17828-SG

Author: Nicolas Larché, Charles Leballeur, Dominique Thierry, Erwan Diler

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In natural seawater, microorganisms can fix, grow and develop on practically any surface, including stainless steels.The term biofilm is generally used for communities of microorganisms embedded in an organic polymer matrix (e.g. exopolysaccharides), produced by the microorganisms themselves) and adhering to a surface, irrespective of the environment in which they develop. Stainless steels are widely used for different applications in seawater such as the oil and gas, desalination and marine energy industries. The presence of a biofilm on passive alloys such as stainless steels or nickel-based alloys can strongly enhance the cathodic reactions, and shift their open-circuit potential (OCP) to the noble direction.

Available for download

Critical Review of International Standards on Soluble Salts Measurement Methods

Product Number: 51324-20851-SG

Author: Sophia Xiaoxia Zhu; Benjamin T. A. Chang

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

It is well known that the residual salts on steel substrates have detrimental effects on the coating performance. There are several international standards on the measurement of residual salts. The most widely recognized ones are ISO 8502-6 and 8502-9. ISO 8502-6 specifies the soluble salts extraction procedures and ISO 8502-9 specifies the calculation of the soluble NaCl salt. The standards use 3 ml deionized (DI) water in 10 minutes dwell time to extract the soluble salts to measure with a potable conductivity meter. The measured conductivity reading in µS/cm is multiplied by 1.2 to convert into total (NaCl) salts in mg/m2. The ISO standards assume the extracted salt solution containing only Na+ and Cl- ions and use a simple analytical calculation to convert the conductivity to the total NaCl salt concentration on the contaminated steel surface. In fact, in addition to Na+ and Cl- ions, Fe+2, OH- ions are also in the extracted salt solution contributing to the conductivity reading, but not considered in the total salt calculation. The ISO standards on the total (NaCl) salt measurement are oversimplified that leads to inaccurate estimation of the residual salts. The chloride ions in aqueous condition can cause micro-pits on the carbon steel surface. The pit density and depth are related to the salt levels and corrosion reaction time. During the salt measurement, the DI water can not readily migrate to the micro-pits to extract salts, and the salt extraction efficiency depends on the corrosion severity. In this work we have investigated the salt extraction on doped salted steel panels with five known amounts of NaCl salt. We also used a chloride electrode to measure the chloride ion concentration. The test results showed that the salt extraction efficiency depends on the severity of the pitting corrosion. Based on the chloride level, the extraction efficiency is 90% at low salt content and 50-66% at higher salt content on the grit blasted panels using Bresle patch method. It is recommended to use the residual chloride concentration in the coating specifications as the acceptance criterion, not the total NaCl salt level. More research is to be done to investigate the residual chloride measurements to give the international coating community a more reliable test method in the field.

Available for download

Critical Review of ISO 12944-9 and AMPP TM21612 Coating Qualification Standards Using Field Data to Compare

Product Number: 51324-20751-SG

Author: Andy Bodington; Arturo Ruiz-Aparicio; Colin Murdoch; Benjamin T. A. Chang

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The most widely accepted international standards for the prequalification of offshore coatings are ISO 12944-9 and AMPP TM21612. The two laboratory test standards are trying to simulate the offshore service conditions, but the offshore regions around the world are in quite different environmental conditions which may be more or less severe than the laboratory test conditions. Thus, it is very likely to see poor correlation between the laboratory and the field results. However, it is essential that a reliable test standard duplicates the field major failure modes and generates a correct performance ranking among candidate coating systems. Therefore, facility owners can comfortably select proper coating systems and coating manufacturers can be guided to improve their coating formulations. Field exposure testing of three commercial coating systems applied on panels and placed in three different locations across the world was conducted. Testing of these same three commercial coating systems was also conducted in the laboratory using AMPP TM21612. Comparison testing was also done to compare the failure modes and rust creepage rates of constant salt fog testing (used in ASTM B117, and in one of the cycles in ISO 12944-9) versus wet/dry cyclic salt fog testing (used in one of the cycles in AMPP TM21612). In this paper a comparison is made between the test methods of these standards and correlation with the field test results.

Available for download

CUI Assessment Near Insulation Support Rings Using Pulsed Eddy Currents

Product Number: 51323-19031-SG

Author: Donald Picard, Olivier Bellavance, Charles Tremblay, Andréanne Potvin

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Pulsed Eddy Currents (PEC) is an electromagnetic inspection method for detecting thickness variations in carbon steel and cast iron through various insulation and/or protective components. It is also resilient to liftoff variations, making it a valuable technique for Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI) assessment. The technology is widely used in the energy and petrochemical industries to detect and estimate the extent of corrosion in insulated or fire-proofed components like pipes and tanks without removing the covering.

Available for download

CUI Monitoring for Cold Duty Insulation, Evaluation and Use Cases

Product Number: MECC23-20256-SG

Author: P. Sharma; A. Meshaikhis; C. Ennaceur; F. Al-Abbas; L. Seong Teh; R. Drummond; Z. Al-Ashwan

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

CUI is a significant form of corrosion in industrial plants that demands substantial financial resources and attention. Many assets are insulated for various purposes such as heat conservation (operating temperature above 93°C), cold conservation (operating temperature below 10°C), thermal protection (typically above 60°C), process stabilization, and winterizing.

Insulation is also utilized for sound control, condensation control, freeze protection (e.g., heat tracing), and fire protection.

Available for download

Current Industry Practice in Carbon Capture Corrosion, and the Knowledge Gap it Produces

Product Number: 51323-19539-SG

Author: Mark McLeod, Ivan Gutierrez, Brad Healey, Tundzhay Kurtulan

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Vital work is being carried out across engineering to ensure the net-zero commitments as laid out in the Paris agreement are met. Due to increased government investment, carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) has become key to achieving these commitments, with some industries only able to decarbonise through CCUS, such as concrete or fertiliser production. Carbon capture has also moved away from vertically integrated systems, with single emitters having dedicated downstream transport and storage sites, to larger systems gathering CO2 with a shared transport and storage infrastructure.

Available for download

Cyclic Polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Techniques to Rapidly Screen and Assess Pitting Tendencies of Corrosion Inhibitor Actives in Carbon Steel

Product Number: 51323-19389-SG

Author: Yolanda De-Abreu, Ana Ferrer, Geeta Rana, Sherman Kung

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Corrosion inhibitors (CI) are typically evaluated using either short-term electrochemical methods or long-term weight loss methods in laboratory set up. Although electrochemical methods provide fast and real-time corrosion information, corrosion subject matter experts, in general, rely on long term weight loss methods to determine localized corrosion information. These long-term methods include exposure of the metal coupon in a corrosive media under specific field conditions/parameters such as temperature, pressure, wall shear stress, corrosive gas species and test length in the presence of corrosion inhibitor active(s).

Available for download

Data Visualization Aspects of Corrosion Management Strategy

Product Number: 51323-18906-SG

Author: Shadha Al Toqi, Janardhan Rao Saithala, Monica Fernandez, Talal Nabhani

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Oil and Gas operators require a robust Corrosion Management Strategy (CMS) to maintain asset integrity. Corrosion threats and barrier management are essential components of CMS. Corrosion threats are identified during the design, construction, operation and decommissioning phases, and mitigations are implemented to achieve a complete operating design life cycle. To monitor the effectiveness of mitigations, it is critical to establish corrosion barrier management (CBM).

Available for download

Data-Driven Machine Learning Techniques Case Study for Corrosion Depth Prediction in Facilities Station Piping

Product Number: 51323-18927-SG

Author: Kane Kaiqi Cheng, Michael Snow

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The pipeline industry has widely used integrity principles to manage time-dependent and time-independent threats. The detection of time-dependent threats such as corrosion has been accomplished by using inline inspection tool technologies such as ultrasonic and magnetic flux leak inspection tools. However, most facility piping assets can not easily be inspected using in-line inspection methods and must instead be assessed using data collected from operations, such as flow frequency, product type, Cathodic protection record, or Direct Assessment Methods using Non Destructive Testing such as ultrasonic measurements or monitoring of corrosion coupons.

Available for download

Datascience To Enhance Pipeline Maintenance

Product Number: 51322-17508-SG

Author: David Toschini, Markéta Lallementová, Anthony Dequick, Bernard Masson, Thomas Zamojski

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The paper will cover the construction method (based on Random forest algorithms), the first results. We will see the enhancements of the model by injecting more data and modifying mathematical rule, and how it will be able to integrate a new decision support tool.

Available for download

DC Decoupler Modelling To Predict The Effects Of Capacitance On CP Potential Surveys

Product Number: 51322-17839-SG

Author: Alex Ristow, Mike Tachick

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Extensive and increased collocation of high voltage AC (HVAC) electrical transmission lines, coupled with advances in coating technology, has resulted in the emergence of the possibility of transfer of electrical energy from the HVAC line to paralleling utilities through electrical induction. That transfer of energy can result in safety risks for personnel, as well as corrosion risks for below grade assets. In order to mitigate those risks, operators ground the induced AC using grounding electrodes, typically consisting of bare copper cabling or zinc ribbon.

AMPP Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance