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In linepipes for transportation of natural gas, suppression of hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) caused by H2S contained in the transportation medium is an important issue. HIC is a phenomenon in which hydrogen atoms generated by a corrosion reaction penetrate steel and are accumulated in the central segregation part and inclusions in the steel, internal pressure is increased by gasification, and finally cracks occur.
Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) is a major issue of carbon steels for pipelines exposed to wet sour environments. For Fitness-for-Purpose (FFP) HIC evaluations which require a longer test duration than the conventional 96 h, Solution C was registered in NACE TM0284. However, because Solution C requires frequent pH adjustment using HCl and NaOH during HIC testing depending of the sour conditions, there is a strong need for a FFP testing solution with higher pH stability. The High-strength Line Pipe (HLP) Committee of The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan (ISIJ)( 1) proposed a 5.0 wt% NaCl + 0.93N (CH3COOH + CH3COONa) solution (HLP solution).
For decades, many asset owner/operators across the O&G value chain (and other critical industry segments) of upstream, midstream, & downstream have struggled to identify the root cause of fluctuating corrosion/erosion rates due to unreliable or infrequent data during various operating intervals on their most valuable of assets. This key missing data point has forced mechanical integrity teams, corrosion engineers, inspectors, and operations to, in many cases, make the best guess or hypothesize how to operate with a limited data set of information. In almost all cases, a time-based inspection or maintenance interval is used to gauge the useful lifetime of assets based on this limited data simply because these assets couldn’t give their owners a real-time health diagnostic of how they were doing … until now.
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A holiday is defined as a pinhole or discontinuity in a coating lining. These discontinuities are frequently very small and not readily visible and create a pathway for oxygen and an electrolyte to cause deterioration of the underlying substrate. These defects will tend to reduce the life expectancy of a coating in service, particularly if the service is to include immersion, such as the lining of a tank or a pipe.
Oil and gas operations worldwide are impacted by the presence of microorganisms. A variety of microorganisms can be found in the oilfield, dependent on the type of operation, geology, location, water source and water treatment utilized. Biocides are used in all stages of oil and gas development to control microorganisms and their detrimental impacts on production such as corrosion, biofouling, and souring. A wide number of biocides are used to control microorganisms, ranging from oxidizing biocides that react quickly but leave no residual activity, to preservatives which act slowly, but provide antimicrobial activity for weeks or months at a time. The spectrum of biocides used in oil and gas are covered by several excellent reviews and will not be detailed in this paper.