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Stainless Steels for Automotive Applications – Hydrogen Embrittlement Testing for High Pressure Hydrogen Gas Using Different Methods

Picture for Stainless Steels for Automotive Applications – Hydrogen Embrittlement Testing for High Pressure Hydrogen Gas Using Different Methods
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Today hydrogen for use as fuel for vehicles is getting more and more attention as an alternative to vehicles using fossil-based fuels. Hydrogen is used in both electric fuel cell cars and in heavy vehicles using direct combustion of hydrogen. Such vehicles require stainless tubing for transport of the hydrogen and for bosses to composite tanks in addition to tubing and fittings in hydrogen fueling stations.

Product Number: 51323-19241-SG
Author: Ulf H. Kivisakk, Björn Bosbach, Emil Cederberg, Ulrika Borggren, Nian Zhou
Publication Date: 2023
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$20.00
$20.00

Hydrogen for use as fuel gets more and more attention and stainless steels can be used for tubing as and fittings or for the boss in the gas tank. The susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement of three austenitic stainless steels was tested by different methods for use in high pressure hydrogen. Two versions of UNS S31603 stainless steel with high and low nickel content as well as UNS S31675 and UNS S21900 both with a higher mechanical strength were investigated. The tests included a variety of conditions, e.g., with and without hydrogen environment, in-situ charging and pre-charging, cathodic hydrogen charging and high-pressure hydrogen gaseous charging. The high-pressure hydrogen gas SSRT was conducted at - 40°C and 85 to 87.5 MPa. The results showed similar ranking for the three materials to hydrogen embrittlement. The UNS S31603 stainless steel with 11.5% Ni is prone to hydrogen embrittlement while UNS S31603 with 13% Ni, UNS S21900 and UNS S31675 showed good resistance. The 316L stainless steel with 11.5% Ni is more susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement at lower temperatures.

Hydrogen for use as fuel gets more and more attention and stainless steels can be used for tubing as and fittings or for the boss in the gas tank. The susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement of three austenitic stainless steels was tested by different methods for use in high pressure hydrogen. Two versions of UNS S31603 stainless steel with high and low nickel content as well as UNS S31675 and UNS S21900 both with a higher mechanical strength were investigated. The tests included a variety of conditions, e.g., with and without hydrogen environment, in-situ charging and pre-charging, cathodic hydrogen charging and high-pressure hydrogen gaseous charging. The high-pressure hydrogen gas SSRT was conducted at - 40°C and 85 to 87.5 MPa. The results showed similar ranking for the three materials to hydrogen embrittlement. The UNS S31603 stainless steel with 11.5% Ni is prone to hydrogen embrittlement while UNS S31603 with 13% Ni, UNS S21900 and UNS S31675 showed good resistance. The 316L stainless steel with 11.5% Ni is more susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement at lower temperatures.

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Picture for Evaluation of Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance of 41XX Cr-Mo steels, 13Cr Stainless Steel in High Pressure Hydrogen Environment
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Evaluation of Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance of 41XX Cr-Mo steels, 13Cr Stainless Steel in High Pressure Hydrogen Environment

Product Number: 51323-18971-SG
Author: Karthik Krishnan, Shashwat Shukla, Arpana Verma
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Hydrogen gas (H2) is touted for potential as future fuel as it could be a way to convert excess energy produced when demand is lower. Depending on the source of excess energy used for conversion to Hydrogen this process could have low or no carbon footprint. This Hydrogen gas could then be stored and used for electricity, transportation, chemical processes when the demand arises similar to how natural gas is being used currently. Thus, storage of Hydrogen in vast volumes would be one of the key elements for the success of Hydrogen as a future fuel
Picture for Hydrogen Embrittlement of SS316L Instrument Tubing in a Hydroprocessing Unit
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Hydrogen Embrittlement of SS316L Instrument Tubing in a Hydroprocessing Unit

Product Number: 51320-14357-SG
Author: Siew Leong Waia, Rajaram Chidambaramb, John Richertc, Jorge Perdomo
Publication Date: 2020
$20.00

An unexpected failure of 316L Stainless Steel instrument tubing occurred in a high pressure Hydroprocessing unit resulting in a shutdown of the unit. The tubing system consisted of a compression type fitting commonly used in instrument systems and had only been in service for 3 years when the failure occurred. The failed tubing samples were removed for metallurgical analysis and determination of damage mechanism.   

Metallurgical analysis and finite element analysis of the tubing identified excessive cold working leading to hydrogen embrittlement as the primary mode of failure. This paper details the investigation into the failure to arrive at the root cause and the preventive measures adopted to assess the installed population of tubing in similar service.  

 
Picture for Improving Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance Of Precipitation Hardened Nickel-Alloys
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Improving Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance Of Precipitation Hardened Nickel-Alloys

Product Number: 51321-16673-SG
Author: Luca Foroni, Carlo Malara
Publication Date: 2021
$20.00

Precipitation hardened (PH) Ni-alloys are widely used in the oil and gas industry since they provide an excellent combination of corrosion resistance and mechanical strength. Their use in the manufacture of API1 6A pressure-containing and pressure-controlling components is subject to the stringent requirements of specification API Standard 6ACRA. However, matching the requirements of API Standard 6ACRA does not preclude susceptibility of some PH Ni-alloys to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) and this in some cases has led to premature and unexpected failures of components made from such
materials.(
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