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In a pipe, guided Lamb-like waves can propagate around the circumference of the pipe wall. As they do, the waves pick up details about the pipe wall’s characteristics, such as its inner surface condition and, most significantly, its thickness. A robust pipe wall thickness estimation method based on conventional (i.e., non-machine learning) processing methods has been proposed by the authors.
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Corrosion of carbon steel is the most prominent reason for pipeline failure in a range of industries, from oil and gas transportation to water treatment facilities and nuclear waste storage. Under-deposit corrosion occurs in low fluid flow rate environments, when particulate matter (such as sand and clay) settles on the bottom of transportation pipelines. The presence of deposits results in a diffusion barrier, which significantly alters interfacial solution chemistry compared with that of the bulk.
Scale is an adherent deposit of inorganic compounds precipitated from water onto surfaces. Most oilfield waters contain certain amounts of dissolved calcium, barium or strontium salts. The mineral scale can be formed by chemical reactions in the formation water itself, by mixing of formation water with injected seawater, or by mixing of the well streams of two incompatible oilfield waters. In carbonate reservoirs, when calcium is deposited as calcium sulfate or calcium carbonate scale, a loss of production and increased maintenance expenses can result. Therefore, effective mitigation of scaling potential is of importance to the oil producers.
Fossil fuel is still the main source of energy, despite ongoing attempts to replace it with renewable sources. Nowadays, the easily accessible fossil energy is depleting significantly onshore; and since the need for this source of energy remains, the extraction of oil and gas from subsea is increasing. Unbounded flexible pipes are largely employed for extracting oil and gas from subsea fields as well as for CO2 reinjection into the oil wells to enhance their efficiency.
Modified 13Cr (UNS S41426) (M13Cr) are advantageous as components for wellbores in oil and gas upstream units due to their high strength capabilities and tremendous corrosion resistance in sweet environments with minimal H2S levels. However, previous studies speculate disparities between an overestimation in the application limits for the 110 ksi grade material. Previous experimental results associate this to microstructural differences from varying heat treatments. The proprietary procedures used to manufacture, emphasize a lack of quality control among suppliers.
The utilization of volatile corrosion inhibitors (VCI) in dry packaging scenarios have become ubiquitous throughout industry for the protection of metal parts during shipping and storage. Initial protective packaging applications of VCIs involved coated paper which was used to wrap or interleave metal parts for transportation and/or storage. This type of wrapping evolved into film packaging where the inhibitors were extruded into film.
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is recognized as a significant corrosion threat to oil and gas pipelines. Biocides are commonly applied as a means of killing microorganisms with the goal of reducing both microbial concentrations and corrosion rates. Laboratory experiments are typically used in selecting an effective biocide prior to application to a pipeline system.
Highly alloyed stainless steels and Ni-based alloys may be used in a wide range of different chemical environments. By investigating how different alloys are affected by environmental changes – be it chemical composition, temperature, contaminants or others – it is possible to learn more about how material selection can be optimized to improve both cost efficiency and longevity of a system.
UNS N08935 is a highly alloyed austenitic material in the borderland between stainless steels and Ni-based alloys
Close interval surveys (CIS) and remote monitoring units (RMUs) can be used as complimentary technologies, essential for validating safe operation of a cathodic protection (CP) system. CIS on a pipeline is typically performed once every few years due to the high cost and time commitment of the process, but the benefit is a high spatial resolution of measurements, with typical spacings between reading locations on the metre length-scale. RMUs installed at test posts with a typical spacing of multiple kilometres between units can be used to measure comparable electrical readings year-round without requiring a human to physically travel to each location.
The Frøy field is in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea and is located in the Jurassic Sleipner andHugin formations at a depth of 2940 – 3176 m true vertical depth subsea. It is made up of a series ofreservoir units (RU), with the main units being RU3 to 5. The reservoir has a porosity of 15 – 23% and apermeability of 15 – 1500 mD.
Protecting and maintaining assets in highly corrosive environments has been a challenge for centuries. Assets that require precision coating removal around compromised structures require a precision tool that does not impact the structure leading to failure. Removal of any metal or damage to surfaces must be avoided in these scenarios, which disqualifies highly abrasive removal methods such as blast cleaning, needle-gunning, and water-jetting.
This paper highlights a successful rehabilitation of a regulated steel line with flexible steel pipe. The pipeline resides under jurisdiction and was approved by both state and federal pipeline safety administrations. Upon completion, the rehabilitated system restored transmission while also reducing overall operating risk. Use of the flexible steel pipe allowed the operator to utilize a dual-containment design while also implementing real-time continuous annulus monitoring on multiple interfaces, effectively reducing risk to environment and local residents.