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On July 8th, 1986, an 8-inch pipeline transporting gasoline ruptured in Mounds View, Minnesota. Vaporized gasoline combined with air and liquid gasoline flowed along neighborhood streets. Approximately 30 minutes later, a vehicle entered the area igniting the gasoline vapor.
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New gas field expansion will provide offshore facilities to process non-associated gas, where the newgas gathering system takes non-associated gas from offshore gas wells and transports it throughpipeline to onshore processing plants. The gas is very corrosive due to high levels of H2S and CO2 acidgases content. Further hydrate control is achieved by injecting mono ethylene glycol (MEG).
topcoats utilized on the exterior skin of Department of Defense (DoD) aircraft (i.e., fixed and rotary wing) and ground support equipment (GSE) are two-component (2K) polyurethanes (PUs) that are qualified to MIL-PRF-85285 performance requirements. These topcoats are formed from the chemical MARCH reaction of hydroxyl- and isocyanate-functional molecules to generate highly cross-linked polymeric networks that contain carbamate (i.e., urethane) linkages. Formation of these cross-linked networks result in durable coatings with excellent hydrocarbon resistance, mechanical and thermal properties, including resistance to ultraviolet (UV) degradation from sunlight.
According to ISO 15156(1) standard, the acceptability limits of duplex stainless steels for a safe use in exploration and production environments are defined based on the PREN (Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number) of the considered alloy. For a duplex stainless steel with 30 < PREN < 40 (typical of 22%Cr steels), the alloy is acceptable up to a H2S partial pressure of 0.1 bar while this partial pressure can be increased up to 0.2 bar if 40 < PREN < 45 (typical of 25%Cr steels).
Handling, storing and processing of hazardous chemicals are important tasks not only in chemical industry globally but also in many other production facilities, e.g. automotive, energy, pharmaceutical. Different types of resistant linings are used prevent corrosion of plants and equipment, to protect against possible leakages, to prevent unforeseen downtimes and to guarantee environmental protection. Depending on the individual chemical, thermal and mechanical conditions within the local production environment different materials are used as internal linings in process or storage vessels, as floorings, as sealing layers, e.g. Epoxy Resins (EP), Polyurethane Resins (PU), Polyester Resins (UP), Polymethylmethacrylic Resins (PMMA), Furanic or Phenolic Resins (FU / PF).
Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)-phosphonium Sulfate (THPS) is a very common active ingredient in oil and gas biocides. While product labels provide broad guidelines application dosing the lowest effective dose of THPS is difficult to determine. Site water chemistry and bacteria biology variability will affect the dose need to achieve the desired level of bacteria population control. For these reasons biocide dose response studies are commonly conducted on solutions containing bacteria to determine the effect of treatments before application.
Following the worlds growing need for sustainable energy solutions, offshore wind farms are important contributions to the generation of renewable energy. One key element for a profitable and sustainable operation of offshore wind farms is that the installations are protected with the most cost-effective corrosion protective solution for the entire lifetime. In practice, this means that today’s projects are planned with an estimated lifetime of a minimum of 25 years without major maintenance of the corrosion protective solution.
The function of the NSV (hose-end non-return valve, first used in the North Sea) is to create a safetyconnection between the FPSO and the shuttle tanker during mooring and oil transfer. This connectionis made using the Loading System at the Bow of the tanker vessel through the BLS (Bow LoadingSystem). After carrying out all necessary checklist and communicating with the tanker, the marine crewfrom FPSO start to pay the offloading mooring cable that connects on Dynamic Positioning ShuttleTanker (DPST).
Today hydrogen for use as fuel for vehicles is getting more and more attention as an alternative to vehicles using fossil-based fuels. Hydrogen is used in both electric fuel cell cars and in heavy vehicles using direct combustion of hydrogen. Such vehicles require stainless tubing for transport of the hydrogen and for bosses to composite tanks in addition to tubing and fittings in hydrogen fueling stations.
Water electrolysis is a process that uses electricity, potentially from renewable energy sources, to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Among water electrolysis technologies, alkaline electrolysis is the most developed and commercially available, but PEM electrolysis is emerging as a more efficient solution. It presents several advantages, such as the possibility to operate at high pressure and high current density for production of hydrogen.
Several offshore field failures in recent years have been attributed to Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking (HISC) of high strength, highly corrosion resistant Precipitation Hardened Nickel Alloys (PHNA’s) such as UNS N07716, UNS N07718 and UNS N07725.
Hence, HISC is a constant concern regarding subsea components subjected to high tensile stress, and the industry is searching for solutions to their technical needs: High strength corrosion resistant alloys (CRA’s) resistant to seawater (high Pitting Resistance Equivalent number (PREN)) but also resistant to HISC.
For PHNA’s, improved processing (chemical composition limits and processing temperatures) and improved quality control methods as well as refined acceptance criteria are all under consideration.
During operation of DC rail transit systems, DC current will follow the path of least resistance when returning to the Traction Power Substations (TPSS) to complete the electrical circuit. If the track-to-earth resistance (resistance between the train rails and surrounding soil) is not sufficient, current can leak off the LRT track system into the surrounding soil. Metallic facilities such as pipelines in the soil offer lower resistance paths for the current while returning to the TPSS.