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In the oil and gas industry, solid metal equipment such as pipelines, pressure vessels, heat exchangers and valves are susceptible to surface cracks and discontinuities attributed to cyclic loading, process environment and severe operating conditions. These anomalies affect the safety, structural functionality, reliability, integrity and life cycle of the equipment. They could lead to catastrophic incidents if not detected timely, evaluated, monitored and properly repaired.
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The Brazilian cost of corrosion was estimated at 3% of the GPD in 2018, that percentage is equivalent to approximately $US 49 billion, according to an ABRACO(1) journal released in 2020.1 It is estimated that from this cost $US 19 billion could have been saved through anticorrosive actions. In another research conducted by the EPRI(2) the results showed that at least 22% of corrosion costs could be avoided through adequate mitigating actions.2
The Brazilian cost of corrosion was estimated at 3% of the GPD in 2018, that percentage is equivalent to approximately $US 49 billion, according to an ABRACO1 journal released in 20201. It is estimated that from this cost $US 19 billion could have been saved through anticorrosive actions. In another research conducted by the EPRI2 the results showed that at least 22% of corrosion costs could be avoided through adequate mitigating actions2.
Stray current prevention, where do you start? When dealing with stray current from a DC Transitsystem it is all about building in “layers” of protection. This begins right from the start of your project through the creation of a design and maintenance guideline, through construction with inspection and testing plans and then through long range testing and maintenance plans.
This Guide was created as a process in the rail industry to standardize and document equipment used for the preparation, application, and inspection of coatings and linings along with the calibration intervals suggested for each piece of equipment. It also lists equipment that is not used to collect data in a quality control capacity and that would not require calibration.
Biofouling accumulation on a ship’s hull has a direct impact on fuel consumption and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and may pose a biosecurity risk due to the presence of non-indigenous, potentially invasive aquatic species.
The antifouling system (AFS) is designed to protect the underwater surfaces from biofouling accumulation. Underwater inspections (UWI) of ships are typically carried out to monitor and verify the condition of the underwater hull and the AFS.
Recipients of UWI reports are reliant on the quality of information provided to make adequate decisions relating to hull performance, AFS condition and performance, biofouling management and associated risk assessments. Consistent and good quality reporting is key to effective underwater hull condition record-keeping and management.
As construction of an industrial plant was nearing completion, it was realized that galvanized scaffolding was used during the erection of a large furnace. There was some concern about the possibility of zinc liquid metal embrittlement (LME) of the austenitic stainless-steel tubes. LME is the loss of ductility when a metal is in contact with liquid metal while under stress. Specifically, austenitic stainless steels are known to be susceptible to LME in the presence of liquid zinc which was implicated in the Flixborough Disaster where 28 people were killed in an industrial accident in 1974.
An energy company hired a contractor to remove and replace the linings of water box condensers during a maintenance shut down. This case history will give a summary of the scope of work, a review of the specification, a description of the work performed, an accounting of the in-process inspection, and a summary of lessons learned during the project.
The Wafra Joint Operation (WJO) Oilfield is located in the central-west part of the Kuwait-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone. The Wafra oilfield reserves were first discovered and wells drilled in 1954. This field produces two types of crude oil, Ratawi (light oil) and Eocene (heavy oil), with average water cut of 8085%. During operation, the production wells produce the oil emulsion through mostly coated flowlines to sub-centres (SC) where the sour oil, water and gas are separated. The facility has two gathering fields; Eocene and Ratawi. Eocene has 2 phase separation, whilst Ratawi has 3 phase separation. The sour gas is either flared or flows to the Main Power Generation Plant, whilst the oil is processed to the Main Gathering Center (MGC). The produced waters (PW) are routed to the Pressure Maintenance Plant (PMP).
The Wafra Joint Operation (WJO) Oilfield is located in the central-west part of the Kuwait-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone. The Wafra oilfield reserves were first discovered and wells drilled in 1953 and production in commercial quantities began in 1954. This field produces two types of crude oil, Ratawi (light oil) and Eocene (heavy oil), with average water cut of 80-85%. During operation, the production wells produce the oil emulsion through mostly coated flowlines to sub-centres (SC) where the sour oil, water and gas are separated. The facility has two gathering fields: Eocene and Ratawi. Eocene has 2 phase separation, whilst Ratawi has 3 phase separation.
Critical procedures at blasting and coating shops and steel fabricating shops, include surface preparation, application of primer coats, often shop applications include intermediate coat application, as well as occasionally including topcoat application. These phases of the process are absolutely critical to the long-term success of coating/lining projects. If the industry is serious about quality, specifiers must include language in the project specifications to include mandatory independent qualified coating inspection during shop coating applications.