AMPP Store - Products tagged with 'carbon steel'

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Estimating Metal Loss in a Marine Environment for Structural Integrity Analyses

Product Number: 51317--9003-SG

ISBN: 9003 2017 CP

Author: James Ellor

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

The following paper discusses models and procedures for estimating the corrosion-related metal loss and loss patterns on carbon steel exposed in a marine environment. This includes immersion and atmospheric exposure and the impact of coatings.

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Evaluating the Effect of Surface Finishing on Microbial Induced Corrosion of Pipeline Steels

Product Number: MECC23-20073-SG

Author: Eman Adel Almutawa; Ihsan UlHaq Toor; Wasif Farooq

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Microbial influenced corrosion is a type of corrosion caused by microorganisms attached to the metal surface or by their activity. The first one who noted the MIC was Gaines in 1910 [1], followed by research about the graphitization of cast irons in anaerobic soils in 1934 [2]. Nowadays, attention to MIC problems increased significantly.

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Evaluation Of Pitting Penetration Associated With Steel Exterior Of Hanford Tanks

Product Number: 51322-18002-SG

Author: K.J. Evans, S. Chawla, K.M. Sherer, B.C. Rollins, J.A. Beavers, J. S. Page and C.L. Girardot, N. Sridhar

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The Hanford site contains approximately 55 million gallons (2.08 x 108 liters) of radioactive and chemically hazardous wastes arising from weapons production, beginning with World War II and continuing through he Cold War era. The wastes are stored in 177 carbon steel underground storage tanks, of which 149 are single-shell tanks (SSTs) and the remaining are double-shell tanks (DSTs). Historically, tank failures have been associated with the SSTs

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Evaluation of Seawater Treatments to Mitigate the Corrosion Rate of Carbon Steels and CRAs Rigid Pipeline During Pre-Commissioning Operations and Long-Term Wet Storage

Product Number: 51324-21050-SG

Author: Charles Leballeur; Quang-Tung Tran; Krystel Pélissier; Nicolas Larché

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Once installed at the seabed, subsea rigid pipes in Carbon steel (CS), Low Alloys Steels (LAS) or in Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRAs) can be wet stored for various durations. During this idle period, the lines can be filled with natural seawater generally treated with different types of chemicals, to mitigate localized corrosion initiation of stainless steel or the general corrosion of carbon steel. The chemicals are usually oxygen scavengers combined with or without biocides and corrosion inhibitor. Field experiences show that satisfying efficiency is obtained with some chemical’s combination. However, only few data are available in the literature to quantify separately the actual benefit of these chemicals and their combination. The needs to investigate sustainable alternative chemicals for these wet storage operations are also anticipated. In order to quantify the individual and synergistic effects of the selected chemicals, API 5L X65 carbon steel and UNS S31603 stainless steel were exposed for one year in seawater treated by different available combinations of oxygen scavenger, biocides, and corrosion inhibitors. Environmental-friendly chemicals have also been assessed as possible alternatives to conventional biocides. The corrosion rate of carbon steel coupons immersed in specific exposure cells, that simulate the confined exposure conditions during the wet storage, have then been determined by weight loss measurements after 3 weeks, 2, 6, and 12 months. The impact of the treatments on the corrosion rate and the bacterial activity have also been studied by Dissolved Oxygen Content (DOC) and Open Circuit Potential (OCP) monitoring, Electric Resistance (ER) measurements, and bacterial analysis. The current investigation shows that low DOC levels have been achieved which inhibited the so-called “biofilm ennoblement” of stainless steel. Thus, no corrosion occurred for UNS S31603. Such results are also applicable to most CRAs under similar exposure environment. The synergic effects of oxygen scavenger, biocides and corrosion inhibitor on the corrosion rate of carbon steel are also discussed.

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Experimental Study and Finite Element Modelling of the Cathodic Protection Influence on Parallel Pipelines During Maintenance Operations

Product Number: 51324-20713-SG

Author: Erwan Diler; Yves Zannier; Alexandre Billot; Flavien Vucko; Tiphaine Lutzler

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Dense buried pipelines network, such as in implemented in parallel, can be installed in different process and storage mills, such as geological gas and hydrocarbon storages. Their corrosion resistance is ensured by a combination of organic coating and cathodic protection (CP). For maintenance operation on a specific pipeline, the CP can be turned off for safety reasons. Thus, the operated pipeline can be affected by CP influence from other surrounding protected ones. This phenomenon is supported in the field by different pigging inspections, highlighting local corrosion induced by output stray current on coating defects. In the literature, many studies focused on CP influences by finite and/or boundary element modeling. However, usually the foreign structures considered (under influence) are limited to bare steel or fully coated pipeline. Moreover, most of these studies are not confronted with experimental works. To our knowledge, the actual influence between the different pipelines is not much documented in the literature and not quantified. In this study, an experiment consisting in 3.00 x 1.80 x 0.80 m sand tank, equipped with 4 full scale parallel pipelines, with 17 model defects were realized. The model defects reproduce uniformly degraded coating and local defects. The experimental work allows i) measuring the DC influence under different CP configurations, and ii) providing stray current data for finite element modelling (FEM). The FEM was performed in a two steps i) a CP distribution in terms of current demand and electric field on protected pipelines, and ii) application of this electric field to the foreign pipeline. The good agreement obtained allows a validation the proposed approach and globally assess the riskier scenario in terms of nature of the defect, applied CP and soil environment.

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Flowline Material Performance and Challenges in Oil and Gas sweet and sour environment

Product Number: 51320-14722-SG

Author: Amjad Kharusi, Janardhan Rao Saithala, Antonio Ojeda Macedo, Manoj Suryanarayana, Talal Nabhani, Nasser Behlani,

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Oil & Gas flowlines are paramount for safe and reliable production of hydrocarbons, ensuring their integrity is one of the key tasks for all operators. Petroleum Development of Oman (PDO) manages around 11,000 Km of flowlines and connects to production stations more than 400 wells across more than 50 fields every year. Applications for these flowlines vary from the traditional Oil & Gas transmission to other applications such as water injection, polymer flood and steam injection. All these diverse applications involve multiple operation environments ranging from benign fields with low CO2 < 0.5 mole% and minimum H2S to very aggressive environments with CO2 and H2S concentrations well above 10 mole%, combined with a wide range of salinities and water cuts, with chlorides concentrations ranging from 5,000 to 200,000 ppm and water cuts from almost nil to more than 95%. The challenges encountered in safe and economic development of these assets across such a wide range of conditions are numerous; therefore, the material selection and designed methods to manage flowlines integrity are complex with no single solution approach to address the myriad of different conditions. This paper present two cases of metallic and non-metallic materials installed in PDO flowlines showing their historical field performance and discusses the strategy adopted for the material selection of flowlines.

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Forms of Corrosion: Recognition & Prevention-Chapter 1--General Corrosion of Metals

Product Number: 37626-Ch01

$125.00

The classic AMPP reference book Forms of Corrosion: Recognition & Prevention presents a crash course of the eight major forms of corrosion. Each chapter provides an introduction lesson that then leads to an abundance of Case Histories that present both problems and solutions for each form of corrosion.

While the editors show that all eight forms of corrosion overlap to some extent, the focus of Chapter 1, "General Corrosion of Metals," is clear by its title.

This chapter alone has 58 Case Histories related to the corrosion of metals and details the environment, conditions, and solution suggestions to help any student or technician reference thier real-life situation with documented solutions.

2019 AMPP, black & white, 67 pages, pdf

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Galvanic Interactions Between Surface Layers And Bare Carbon Steel In Aqueous CO2 Environments

Product Number: 51322-17654-SG

Author: Joshua Owen, Francois Ropital, Gaurav R. Joshi, Jean Kittel

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In aqueous carbon dioxide (CO₂)-saturated environments, such as those found in geothermal energy, oil and gas and carbon abatement industries, various naturally occurring layers can be found on the internal surface of carbon steel infrastructure, such as pipelines, as they corrode in the mildly acidic conditions. Amongst the most commonly found layers are iron carbonate (FeCO₃), iron carbide (Fe₃C) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄). FeCO₃ can offer corrosion protection to the underlying steel when formed under certain conditions, as too can Fe₃O₄. Fe₃C is typically associated with enhancement of electrochemical activity of carbon steel and is revealed due to preferential dissolution of ferrite in the steel microstructure – through the formation of a porous network at the steel surface. Each of these layers play a fundamental role in the uniform and localized corrosion of the underlying carbon steel.

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High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA) Modeling Prediction and Non-Intrusive Inspection Review

Product Number: 51317--8924-SG

ISBN: 8924 2017 CP

Author: M. Nugent / T. Silfies / J. D. Dobis / Tim Armitt

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

There is an ongoing Joint Industry Program on the development of high temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA) remaining life assessment and evaluation of non-destructive examination technologies. HTHA model development and assessment examples will be discussed.

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Impact of Internal CO2 Corrosion of Mild Steel Pipelines on Solid Hydrate Particles

Product Number: 51321-16391-SG

Author: Zachary Aman/Bruce Norris/Mariano Iannuzzi/Eric May

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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In Situ Atomic Force Microscopy Study Of Microstructure Dependent Inhibitor Adsorption Mechanism On Carbon Steel

Product Number: 51322-17739-SG

Author: H. Wang, B. Brown, S. Nesic, A. Pailleret

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) are used for many pipeline and wellhead components associated with oil and gas production environments but may be considered too costly for longer crude oil and natural gas production lines. Mitigation of internal corrosion for these types of pipelines is normally carried out by batch treatment or continuous injection of corrosion inhibitors, especially the surfactant type of organic inhibitors, which are more economical than using a CRA.

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In situ Electrochemical Evaluation of Pitting Corrosion of Carbon Steel Pipelines Exposed to Slightly Sour Seawater Service

Product Number: 51317--9416-SG

ISBN: 9416 2017 CP

Author: Ray Case

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

The study of pitting susceptibility of carbon steel exposed to slightly sour service environment is conducted by using direct current and electrochemical impedance (IES). The test matrix is designed considering the oxidizing potential of the seawater as the independent variable.

Products tagged with 'carbon steel'

Association for Materials Protection and Performance