AMPP Store - Products tagged with 'pipeline'

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Complicated Siphon Rehab Challenges Pre-Job Planning Process

Product Number: 51220-288-SG

Author: Greg Smith

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

The Jim Creek siphon is located in the Arapahoe National Forest in Winter Park, Colorado, elevation 9,000 feet. The siphon was constructed as part of the original Moffat Collection System in approximately 1935/1936, commencing operation in 1937. It is a 54-inch diameter steel pipeline that conveys Fraser River water from the Fraser Canal on the south side of the Jim Creek valley to the Jim Creek-Fraser Creek Canal on the north side of Jim Creek valley. The Jim Creek valley floor includes a significant wetlands complex with sensitive terraced beaver ponds, which require protection during any rehabilitation work.

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CorrCompilation: Corrosion Failures for Pipelines

Product Number: 37640-E

ISBN: 978-1-57590-380-4

Author: Robert Pogue

Publication Date: 2018

$125.00

The goal of this compilation is to educate the reader through experiences and observations from real-world applications and to provide tools for the identification and remediation of pipeline corrosion issues before failure. Pipelines have been used to transport fuels since the 19th century. While there is no clear consensus of the total number of pipeline miles in use throughout the world, most agree that the U.S. has over 2.5 million mi of energy pipelines. This book provide tools for the identification and remediation of pipeline corrosion issues before failure.

2018 NACE e-book

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Corrosion In Dense Slurry And Models Performance

Product Number: 51322-17743-SG

Author: Kofi Freeman Adane, Aaron Fuhr

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Slurry pipeline systems are used for the extraction of bitumen from mined ore in the oil sands industry in Alberta, Canada. Most of these extraction processes are open to atmosphere resulting in significant air ingress and entrainment within the slurry pipelines used to transport mined ore and tailings. In addition, for short hydrotransport slurry pipelines, the slurry is conditioned by air to create bubbles coated with a bitumen film called “air-sacks”.

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Corrosion Management Review of Sour Gas Pipeline – A Case Study

Product Number: 51323-18855-SG

Author: Muntathir M. Al-Jumaah, Faisal M. Al-Mutahhar, Muhammad A. Sherwani

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

This paper reviews the corrosion management for a critical sour gas pipeline operated by Saudi Aramco. The 38-inch diameter pipeline transports untreated sour gas from Crude Processing Facility (CPF) to downstream Gas Plant and spans a total distance of 145 km. To prevent internal corrosion inside the pipeline, the wet sour gas is dehydrated using Tri-Ethylene Glycol (TEG) unit.

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Corrosion Protection Status And Countermeasures Of Shield Tunnel Pipeline

Product Number: 51322-17518-SG

Author: Su Jin

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

At present, there were ten common crossing modes in long-distance oil and gas pipelines[1,2]. There were six ways of tunneling, such as large excavation, horizontal directional drilling, shield tunnel, drilling and blasting tunnel, ramming pipe and pipe jacking. There were four ways of spanning methods, such as truss crossing, arch bridge crossing, suspension cable crossing and cable-stayed bridge crossing. Crossing by shield tunneling, as a pipeline laying method with high mechanization and automation, extensive applicable strata and high safety, has been widely used in recent years.

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Crack Development in Fatigue Growth Assessment for Pipelines

Product Number: 51317--9402-SG

ISBN: 9402 2017 CP

Author: Kathy Zhang

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Effects of initial crack aspect ratio, pipeline diameter, wall thickness, and loading conditions on the crack shape development were investigated. A new methodology for fatigue crack growth assessment is demonstrated. The study provides a refinement for more accurate prediction of remaining service life for pipelines.

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Detecting and Preventing Internal Corrosion Damage in Unpiggable, Intermittently-Operated, Crude-Oil Pipelines

Product Number: 51320-14673-SG

Author: Yuri Fairuzov, Victor Fairuzov

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

According to a survey of corrosion releases in hazardous liquids pipelines, of the 52 internal corrosion releases reported in 2009-2012, 31 occurred in intermittently operated lines. Pigging operations cannot be performed in many of these pipelines for a number of reasons, such as limitations imposed by pipeline design features, pigging cost, risk of the pig getting stuck in solids or sludge accumulated in front of it. For unpiggable pipelines, direct assessment using the liquid petroleum internal corrosion direct assessment (LP-ICDA) method is a widespread industry practice that helps operators detect pipeline sections damaged by internal corrosion. The models and correlations referenced in the standard are for steady-state, oil-water flow or liquid-solids flow, however the flow of transported fluids is transient (unsteady) in intermittently-operated, crude-oil pipelines. Furthermore, the critical inclination angle defined in the standard is applicable to a pipeline having a piecewise elevation profile. Nevertheless, the local slope of the pipeline changes continuously along its entire length because the local slope of an elevation profile of the landscape or seabed changes continuously in most cases. In this paper, a pipeline diagnostic survey using transient, ultra-high definition simulations of three-phase oil-water-solids flow is performed to identify ICDA regions and develop solutions to extend the useful life of a 48-in. diameter pipeline transporting crude oil from an onshore tank farm to a Single Point Mooring/Pipeline End Manifold (SPM/PLEM) system. Transient free water and solids holdup profiles along the pipeline during loading operations and shutdown periods were predicted based on historical cargo data (including detailed loading plans and loading rates), basic sediments and water (BS&W) data, the rate of conversion of emulsified water into free water caused by the residual concentration of demulsifier in crude oil, solids properties, and tanker loading schedules. It was found that significant accumulations of free water and solids occurred only in a few sections of the offshore portion of the pipeline. This was attributed to the fact that in each loading operation the cargo officer requests the terminal to reduce the loading rate and adjust it until the final cargo transfer quantity is reached. As a result, during this time the pipeline is operated at a low flow condition at which free water ceases to enter PLEM, while it is still displaced from the onshore portion into the offshore portion of the pipeline. Two solutions were proposed to prevent microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) and extend the useful life of the pipeline. The first solution is based on the optimization of the loading plan to minimize the volume of free water accumulated in the offshore portion on completion of cargo transfer. In the second solution, a system generating batches of drained water taken from the storage tanks is connected to the pipeline inlet. A biocide is injected into the water batches. The concentration of the biocide and speed to kill are selected based on the water batch residence time determined using the transient flow simulations. The number of water batches to be launched depends on the volume and properties of solids that can enter the pipeline.

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Detection And Location Of Coating Defects And Disbondments On Buried Pipelines With Differential Reflectometry Mapping

Product Number: 51322-18065-SG

Author: Tristan Petit de Servins d’Héricourt, Homero Castaneda

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Corrosion control of buried assets usually involves a double shield: a coating system as a physical insulation barrier, and a cathodic protection system as an additional ad hoc defense. Detection of a corrosion spot at the coating defect stage is the only way to identify the threat before significant metal loss occurs. Furthermore, detection of defects in the coatings of such assets is especially important, since large defects, if left unrepaired, will not only leave the asset locally prone to corrosion, but also drain and weaken the cathodic protection effectiveness for the entire structure. Therefore, identification and characterization of coating anomalies is critical for the integrity of buried assets.

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Development and Implementation of High-Pressure Large-Diameter RTR Pipe Systems for Oil and Gas Transmission Pipelines

Product Number: MECC23-20061-SG

Author: Alwin Fahrer; Lamont Inglehart

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

To maintain production levels, oil fields in the Middle East increasingly require water injection to maintain pressure in hydrocarbon reservoirs. The injected water increases the water cut of the produced fluids, resulting in a very corrosive mixture for metallic piping. Therefore, nonmetallic pipe systems have become more widely accepted as alternative pipe materials for transporting produced fluids and injection water.

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Diagnosis of Internal Corrosion in Pipelines Based on Mapping Adverse Operational Conditions

Product Number: 51319-13250-SG

Author: Yuri Fairuzov, Victor Fairuzov

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Upstream oil and gas companies operate oil gathering systems comprising a flowline network and process facilities that transport the flow of produced fluids from the wells to a main processing plant. The frequency of corrosion related leaks has increased recently despite a corrosion inhibitor is injected at the wellhead into all flowlines. A root-cause analysis conducted by several companies revealed that severe internal corrosion was caused by a low fluid flow velocity an increasing water cut and the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in the production streams. Nevertheless it was not clear why some of the flowlines may leak while others do not leak despite the composition of produced fluids principal design parameters (diameter and length) dosage of corrosion inhibitor and environmental conditions of the flowlines are similar. A diagnostic analysis of different oil flowlines of was carried out to gain an understanding of why a first group of oil flowlines is developing leaks and why a second group of flowlines has not experienced leaks. The methodology used for the diagnostic analysis comprises 1) Ultra-High Definition simulation of 3-phase or 4-phase flow of gas oil water and solids; 2) 3D imaging of phase distributions inside critical sections of the oil flowlines as per NACE ICDA; 3) mapping adverse operational conditions; and 4) the determination of probability of failure in the critical sections based on criteria depending on the severity of operating conditions inside and outside the flowlines. It was found that multiple sections were exposed to stagnant water and/or had a fraction of internal surface area covered by a stationary bed of solids (formation solids produced from the well). The identified causes of potential leaks comprise the following failure mechanisms: a) metal loss caused by colonies of SRB b) composed load acting on the pipe wall and c) cyclic" thermal expansion/contraction of the flowlines due to seasonal ambient temperature variations. One of the surprising findings of this study was that a shorter flowline with a lower water cut may have multiple leaks while a longer flowline with a higher water may not leak at all approximately for the same period after commissioning. This result was explained with help of maps of adverse operational conditions constructed for the two groups of flowlines. Immediate corrective mitigation actions and preventive actions were implemented to reduce leak frequency including the installation of a novel automatic flushing system.

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Diffusion of Hydrogen into Pipeline Steel around an External Weld

Product Number: 51323-19403-SG

Author: William Mohr, Amin Moghaddas

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

While dedicated hydrogen pipelines have been present on the Gulf Coast of the US for decades, new application opportunities are opening up for transportation of hydrogen as a greener fuel. Some opportunities may be for newly built transportation lines while others may use existing natural gas pipelines that are converted to wholly or partially carry hydrogen. A normal part of operating a pipeline system is reconfiguring the system to add new pipes by making tie-in welds joining the new pipe to the wall of the existing pipe.

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Effect of Loading Profile and Sour Environment on Cracking behavior of C110

Product Number: 51323-19401-SG

Author: Angeire S. Huggins-Gonzalez, Ramgopal Thodla, Feng Gui, Bostjan Bezensek, Brian Chambers

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is one of the most common gases in the oil and gas industry. Once dissolved in aqueous environments, H2S can induce corrosion damage to carbon steel. It has been proposed that the severity of the damage is related to parameters such as temperature, partial pressure, microstructure of steel, etc.

Products tagged with 'pipeline'

Association for Materials Protection and Performance