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Combatting Corrosion in Gas Sweetening Processes: Insight from Amine Treatment Case Studies

Product Number: 51324-21052-SG

Author: Abdullah M. Alratoee; Ibrahim A. Albrahim; Ricardo S. Costa; Sayee Raghunathan

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Amine solutions have been widely used to remove acid gases at gas treatment units found in gas plants, refineries and other facilities. Corrosion is always a challenge for these units, particularly for carbon steel equipment or piping that are processing hot amines. Amines are noncorrosive by nature. However, once acid gases are dissolved in amines, they act as strong electrolytes, which significantly increase the susceptibly of carbon steel components to corrode. Temperature, acid gas loading, velocity, and degradation products are the primary factors that influence amine corrosion. This paper presents Saudi Aramco experience with corrosion challenges encountered in hot diethylene glycol amine (DGA) piping circuits and equipment. Corrosion was identified at two locations which are the rich amine inlet piping to stripper and the stripper column. The paper also details the adequate corrosion control measures to reduce the corrosion risk and ensure asset integrity. Furthermore, the paper discusses the maximum recommended temperature limit for rich amine streams, derived from hands-on experience and an in-house built corrosion prediction model. The results and conclusions provide valuable insights, offering a clear path forward for addressing corrosion challenges in similar amine systems and fostering a safer and more efficient operation.

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Combination Of High Ph SCC And Near Neutral Ph SCC Models Using Bayesian Networks

Product Number: 51322-17851-SG

Author: Francois Ayello, Guanlan Liu, Narasi Sridhar, Ramgopal Thodla

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Environmentally Assisted Cracking (EAC) of gas transmission lines constitute about 2.6% of the total number of significant incidents recorded in the U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration (PHMSA) database [1]. For the hydrocarbon liquid pipelines, the EAC-related incidents constitute about 1%. Although Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) incidents are a relatively small percentage of significant incidents, it is important to predict the location and rate of growth of SCC because of the potential for catastrophic consequences from the growth of undetected cracks.

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Combining RMU, Annual Survey, and Groundbed System Design Data to Predict Capital Replacement Needs

Product Number: 51324-20805-SG

Author: Matt Barrett; Mill Jawed; Dylan Bolch; William Maize; Tony da Costa

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

We present a procedure to estimate the remaining service life of an impressed current groundbed using data analytics techniques to combine the various manually and remotely collected measurements, and rectifier groundbed metadata. Multiple data sources, including commissioning data, annual survey data, remote monitoring data were combined to create a consolidated dataset spanning over ten years for each impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) rectifier groundbed. Using advanced analytics algorithms applied to ICCP rectifier groundbed sites, weighting factors have been calculated to determine the influence of each dataset on the estimated groundbed remaining service life. This work builds on previous presentations at AMPP Corrosion 2021 and 2022, where seasonality and historic trends in rectifier resistance measurements were modelled. By including additional datasets describing the location at the time of installation and the historic survey measurements, a more robust prediction can be made.

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Combining Thermal Spray Zinc And Hot-Dip Galvanizing To Achieve An All Metallic Zinc Coating System

Product Number: 51322-18207-SG

Author: Bernardo Duran

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Corrosion protection of infrastructure and assets is an area of increasing focus due to increasing financial and safety concerns. On a global scale, corrosion has an annual cost of $2.5 trillion (USD).¹ To combat the deleterious effects of this natural phenomenon, specifiers and owners have many choices in terms of materials and protective coatings. Consideration of both initial and life cycle costs has become more important in the age of increased competition and shrinking maintenance budgets.

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Comments On Standards Development For Selection And Specification Of Subsea Materials

Product Number: 51322-17491-SG

Author: Russell D. Kane

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In the oil and gas industry, the major standard for material selection today is ANSI¹/NACE² MR0175/ISO 15156 Parts 1-3. [1] While this standard deals extensively with environment cracking and its prevention for materials under exposure to production environments containing H₂S, CO2, chlorides, and sulfur, it does not include any guidance or material requirements for resistance to environmental cracking (such as hydrogen stress cracking – HSC, or otherwise) under variable subsea conditions that involve exposure to seawater with varying levels of cathodic protection (CP). ISO 21457 [2] provides further guidance for materials selection and corrosion control for oil and gas production systems but does not provide adequate coverage of the issue of environmental cracking in subsea applications with CP.

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Comparative Studies on Corrosion Performance of UNS R20033 under Batch-mode Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) Conversion of Typical Model Compounds in Lignocellulosic Biomass

Product Number: 51324-21156-SG

Author: Haoyu Wang; Xue Han; Minkang Liu; Yimin Zeng; Chunbao Charles Xu

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is an important thermochemical technology which uses hot pressurized water to convert wet biomass or biowaste feedstocks into biocrude oils and other marketable bio-chemicals. However, the widespread commercialization of HTL technology could be challenging due to the corrosion of process core equipment, especially the refining reactors. The presence of hot pressurized water, aggressive catalyst, and organic products can lead to serious corrosion damage and even stress corrosion cracking risks on HTL reactors. Lignocellulosic biomass comprises three primary components: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. These components exhibit distinct behaviors during HTL conversion, leading to variations in the chemical environment and properties of the resulting products. This study aims to compare the corrosion modes and extents of a typical austenitic alloy (UNS R20033) under HTL of three typical biomass model compounds (cellulose, xylan, and alkali lignin) to facilitate the development of corrosion mechanisms in biomass HTL environment.

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Comparative Study of FBE Internal Coatings in CO2/H2S/N2-brine/MEG

Product Number: MECC23-20099-SG

Author: Abdulrahman Al-Huwaiji; Turki Al-Khaldi; Zahrah Al-Tarooti; Khalid Al-Mudarra; Anas Al-Rushaid; Haitham Al-Juhani

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE) organic coatings have been widely used in the oil and gas industry for more than 50 years for internal and external pipeline applications, as they have been proven to efficiently provide good pipeline corrosion protection for many years. As demand for oil increases leading oil and gas companies to expand operations and venture into fields and depths more severe than ever before, there is an expectation for FBE coatings to also evolve in order to meet these new corrosion challenges[1]. One main challenge in the selection of FBE coatings, is the qualification of organic coatings that can handle sweet and sour services at high pressures in NaCl and MEG media [2].

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Comparative study of residual stresses generated in an epoxy coating on carbon steel and stainless steel after thermal aging

Product Number: 51323-19102-SG

Author: Janice Xin Yee, Ng, Hanan Farhat, Thunyaluk Pojtanabuntoeng, Arun Mathew, Qing Cao, Mariano Iannuzzi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is a widespread corrosion phenomenon in many industries since it was first described in 1965. CUI generally occurs when moisture is retained within thermal insulation and metal interface and when the protective coating breaks down. Improper installation and eventual damage to metal jacketing act as an entry point for water. The rate of CUI can be further accelerated depending on the amount of leached corrosive species and the operating parameters.

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Comparative Study of the Effect of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria on Cathodic Protection under Simulated Blisters

Product Number: 51324-21195-SG

Author: Lisseth Ocando; Oladis Troconis de Rincón; Matilde F. de Romero; Antonio De Turris

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This work presents a comparison of the effect generated by a mixed culture of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) isolated from a natural estuary in western Venezuela, on the cathodic protection (CP) of carbon steel under simulated blisters. The laboratory study was carried out simultaneously measuring attack morphology, polarized potential, pH, and sessile growth, inside a simulated blister in a special cell arrangement, using two types of coatings: one 100% solids epoxy, and the other one, a tape type, which consists of the combination of a geo mesh-polypropylene textile and tarred rubber. A potential of -3.2 V vs. Copper Sulfate Electrode (CSE) was applied, which allowed to reach polarized potentials more negative than -950 mV Vs. CSE without the presence of coatings. Various conditions were considered for the study: A) sterile medium, B) sterile medium inoculated with SRB only outside the blister, and C) sterile medium inoculated outside and inside the blister. The correlation of the results for each case allowed the establishment of different comparative tables that could help to improve corrosion management methods of buried or submerged pipelines in presence of SRB. In all cases, a decrease in CP efficiency under the blister was demonstrated.

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Comparing AC Study Techniques In Addressing AC Corrosion Risk

Product Number: 51322-17735-SG

Author: Perry Ross

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

AC interference studies have become increasingly popular in an industry where shared right of ways have increased and there has been a better understanding of how AC interacts between pipelines and powerlines that are collocated with each other. While modeling software for AC interference studies have been developed since the 1990s, advancement in AC interference processes have occurred as more has been learned over the years. When performing an AC interference study there are three steps that need to be completed: field data collection, modeling, and mitigation design. Within this paper, we can compare a project from ten years ago to a project from today to understand the developments that have been made over the course of time to improve the way we develop our mitigation designs.

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Comparing Stress Corrosion Cracking Initiation Times of Sensitized 304 Stainless Steel in KOH And LiOH Primary Water Chemistries with High Levels Of Dissolved Oxygen

Product Number: ED22-18341-SG

Author: Stuart Medway, Peter Chou, David Tice

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The testing described in this paper is part of a wider initiative by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to perform a due-diligence assessment to support possible application to plants and demonstrate the use of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in western Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs). Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is used in the primary coolant loop of PWRs to modify the pH of the coolant water. LiOH is most commonly used as the alkalizing substance as 7Li is already present in the water
chemistry as a by-product of the neutron reaction with boron (10B). To reduce the risk of accelerated corrosion of the Zircaloy fuel cladding material, there is an upper limit of 3.5 ppm for 7Li, although standard starting chemistry is typically 2 ppm. The amount of lithium is subsequently reduced during operation as the required level of boron is reduced due to fuel burnup through the fuel lifecycle.

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Comparison Of Atmospheric Corrosion Of Silver Across Multiple Locations

Product Number: 51322-17621-SG

Author: Douglas C Hansen, Ronald Zeszut, David Rubino

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Atmospheric corrosion of bare metals is a constantly occurring process that can cause significant damage to metal components and structures. For this reason, it has been extensively studied, especially for steel and aluminum alloys.^1-8 Environmental exposure testing is a common method for studying and characterizing the corrosion severity of a location, which allows for comparison with other regions. Much of this data collection is directed toward development of predictive models for corrosion processes, with the goal of estimating corrosion damage based on environmental conditions.

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