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Picture for Burlington Skyway Electrochemical Chloride Extraction – 30 Years Later
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Burlington Skyway Electrochemical Chloride Extraction – 30 Years Later

Product Number: 51322-17664-SG
Author: David Whitmore, Chris Ball
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

This paper provides an overview of the electrochemical passivation process, history of the Burlington
Skyway, description of the installation process, treatment results and up to 30 years of monitoring
results for the structure.

 
Picture for Calcareous Deposition On Thermally Sprayed Aluminium Surfaces
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Calcareous Deposition On Thermally Sprayed Aluminium Surfaces

Product Number: 51322-17798-SG
Author: Edgar Hornus, Francisco Vouilloz, Yu Long, Mobin Salasi, Mariano Iannuzzi, Kjetil Andersen, Ola Krosness, Mike King, Roy Johnsen
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

In the oil and gas industry, thermally sprayed aluminum (TSA) coatings are commonly used, primarily, to reduce anode demand in cathodic protection systems and impart some degree of sacrificial protection in the topsides and splash zone areas. The use of TSA coatings has advantages in systems where long service life is required. TSA coatings are also used to reduce the formation of calcareous deposits, normally a combination of CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2, on heat exchanger piping.
Picture for Calcite Formation and Inhibition Under CO2 Corrosion Environment
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Calcite Formation and Inhibition Under CO2 Corrosion Environment

Product Number: 51323-19227-SG
Author: Wei Li, Xin Wang, Yuqing Ye, Amy Kan, Mason Tomson
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Metal-carbonate scales are a double-edged sword for upstream oil and gas production engineering. On one hand, many of these scales can lead to serious setbacks if untreated, such as production interruption. One common example is calcite scale deposition on production tubing.
Picture for Calcium Carbonate Scale Deposition And Inhibition: Effects Of Corrosion Inhibitors
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Calcium Carbonate Scale Deposition And Inhibition: Effects Of Corrosion Inhibitors

Product Number: 51321-16736-SG
Author: Qiwei Wang; Tawfiq Al-Shafai; Tao Chen; Sultan Alsubaie
Publication Date: 2021
$20.00
Picture for Calculation Of Surface Speciation On Mild Steel Under Applied Polarization
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Calculation Of Surface Speciation On Mild Steel Under Applied Polarization

Product Number: 51321-16913-SG
Author: Zheng Ma; Bruce Brown; Srdjan Nesic; Marc Singer
Publication Date: 2021
$20.00
Picture for Can Electrochemical Charging Replace Hydrogen Gas Charging During Hydrogen Embrittlement Testing?
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Can Electrochemical Charging Replace Hydrogen Gas Charging During Hydrogen Embrittlement Testing?

Product Number: 51324-20712-SG
Author: Erik Koren; Roy Johnsen; Dong Wang; Cataslina H.M. Hagen; Anette B. Hagen; Bård Nyhus; Antonio Alvaro; Hisao Matsunaga
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
This paper presents the output from a study with the aim to correlate hydrogen gas charging and electrochemical charging for a X65 pipeline steel. The hydrogen uptake and diffusivity were evaluated via the permeation technique by employing both hydrogen gas charging and electrochemical charging. The effective diffusion coefficient, Deff, was determined by partial transients. The sub-surface hydrogen concentration, C0R, was then employed to determine the equivalent hydrogen pressure, pH2eq, of electrochemical charging conditions. In parallel, a permeation cell consisting of two membranes with thickness 6 mm welded together with a narrow gap in between was built. This unit was exposed to equal cathodic polarization conditions as the electrochemical permeation cell. The equilibrium pressure in the gap was measured and compared to the calculated hydrogen pressure from the gas permeation test with good correlation. Finally, an initial evaluation through toughness tests with the same X65 material executed in i) hydrogen gas and ii) electrolytic charging at equivalent hydrogen concentrations, gave promising results concerning the correctness of the correlation between the two hydrogen sources.
Picture for Can Micelles Be Used To Expedite And Enhance Laboratory Qualification Testing?
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Can Micelles Be Used To Expedite And Enhance Laboratory Qualification Testing?

Product Number: 51322-17824-SG
Author: Scott Rankin, Andy Osnowski, Emma Perfect
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

The prevention of internal corrosion remains a significant challenge during the production of oil and gas. The use of film forming corrosion inhibitors is an important and cost-effective means of protecting assets from corrosion. These chemicals operate by forming a protective layer between the corrosive species present in the produced fluids and the pipe surface.
Picture for Can Tarpaulin (TARP) Covering Protect Pipeline Coating FBE System 1a From UV Degradation?
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Can Tarpaulin (TARP) Covering Protect Pipeline Coating FBE System 1a From UV Degradation?

Product Number: 51323-18938-SG
Author: Aissa VanDerVeen, Jeffrey Rogozinski, Thomas E. Grauer, Amal Al-Borno, Yuan Li, Moavin Islam, Ski Yin
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) coated pipelines are extensively used throughout the world for transportation of various types of fluids and gases1. New and unused FBE coated pipes often end up being stockpiled in open yards for various reasons such as delay in start of a project, excess inventory etc. Outdoor exposure for long durations results in the physical and chemical degradation of the coating. This happens due to the interaction of the oxygen and moisture in the air, and the ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun which causes photo-oxidative degradation of the polymer in the coating.
Picture for Carbon Steel Corrosion On Production Environment, Evaluating The Impact Of CO2 Partial Pressure, BSW And Oil Characteristics On Tubular Life Extend
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Carbon Steel Corrosion On Production Environment, Evaluating The Impact Of CO2 Partial Pressure, BSW And Oil Characteristics On Tubular Life Extend

Product Number: 51321-16868-SG
Author: Merlin C. E. Bandeira; Rogaciano M. Moreira; Felipe S. Assunção; Oscar R. Mattos; Gustavo L. Vaz; Jefferson R. Oliveira; Ilson Palmieri; Bruno Diehl Neto
Publication Date: 2021
$20.00
Picture for Carbonate And Sulfide Scale Formation In Multiphase Conditions
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Carbonate And Sulfide Scale Formation In Multiphase Conditions

Product Number: 51322-17894-SG
Author: Olujide Sanni, Thibaut Charpentier, Anne Neville
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Inorganic fouling in oilfields has resulted in millions of dollars of operating expenditure every year since the inception of offshore oil and gas drilling, where mineral scale deposition in tubing, flowlines and downhole equipment leads to significant production downtime. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) fouling is endemic in oilfield systems, as produced water containing both bicarbonate and calcium ions is prone to form precipitates as a result of pressure changes during production.The release of carbon dioxide gas from the aqueous phase prompts the evolution of carbonate resulting in a rise in pH and consequent precipitation.
Picture for Carbonate Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel in Refinery FCC Main Fractionator Overhead Systems
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Carbonate Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel in Refinery FCC Main Fractionator Overhead Systems

Product Number: 51390-90206-SG
Author: J.H. Kmetz, D.J. Truax
Publication Date: 1990
$20.00

Intergranular cracking and faiulure of carbon steel piping and vessels of FCC Main Fraqctionator overhead systems in NH3-H2S-CO2- containing environments is attributed to carbonate stress corrosion cracking. From plant water sampling program, cracking is correlated with water chemistry, open circuit potential and pH.
Picture for Carbonation-Induced Corrosion Assessment for Reinforced Concrete Structures
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Carbonation-Induced Corrosion Assessment for Reinforced Concrete Structures

Product Number: 51324-21169-SG
Author: Kingsley Lau; Samanbar Permeh; Sepehr Faridmarandi; Mansoureh Ghahfarokhi; Atorod Azizinamini
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Rebar corrosion induced by carbonation of concrete can occur in structures in both wet and dry exposures. This corrosion can become increasingly relevant in buildings as housing structures age and concrete carbonation occurs. The corrosion risk can vary depending on inter-related factors that include design, materials, and environmental exposure. The risk of corrosion furthermore can be assessed by the corrosion initiation and propagation phases. In this work two sets of testing were performed, including large scale concrete column testing to assess the corrosion behavior of steel subjected to loading and small-scale concrete testing to identify the effect of material and moisture condition environments on carbonation penetration. Concrete was cast with different water-to-cement ratio, limestone aggregate size, and conditioned in various moisture environments. The concrete specimens conditioned in wet conditions maintained in extended accelerated carbonation conditioning for up to 1 month of continuous carbonation of near 100% CO2 at 20 psi did not yield any significant carbonation penetration due to the slow rate of CO2 penetration. Concrete carbonation for the concrete specimens maintained in the dry condition fully carbonated within 67 hours and significant carbonation occurred for the concrete specimens maintained at 75%RH. In the carbonated concrete, the corrosion rate ranged from 0.2-0.8 µA/cm2. In presence of an external compressive force, the corrosion rates were similar; however, the time to corrosion initiation was delayed in time by a factor of 1.6-2. It is evident that both corrosion initiation and propagation should be considered when establishing recommendations for structural health monitoring and inspection.
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