This paper provides an overview of the Spray-applied Fire Resistant Materials and intumescent mastic materials used to protect structural steel in commercial and industrial buildings and structures. Intumescent fireproofing materials are specifically discussed including the initial testing by UL, their listings, uses, applications and inspection in the field

This white paper analyzes the electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) tool performance and when combined with a multiple dataset platform, investigates the operator’s dig results from EMAT, and compares multiple inline inspection technologies used for a comprehensive seam assessment.

Crude oil and formation water in oil reservoirs hosts a variety of microorganisms. The community structure of these microbial populations depends on the environmental conditions. Regularly oil reservoirs present high temperatures favouring the activity of thermophiles microbes. Nonetheless temperature decreases after the oil-water extraction along the oil production facilities. The effect of this temperature fluctuation from thermophilic (60°C) conditions to mesophilic (40°C) conditions on the microbial composition has been investigated in a microbial consortium recovered from a Western Australian oilfield. NGS sequencing of 16S rRNA gene was implemented for the diversity profiling of total and active community under both thermal conditions. Additionally carbon steel coupons were exposed for studying the impact of the microbial structure changes in the corrosivity of the consortium. Results showed noticeable differences in the relative abundance of the species and likewise their corrosive behaviour. Sulphide producing prokaryotes and methanogens were the predominant microbial groups at a higher temperature whereas acid producing and iron-related bacteria also played a role in the mesophilic consortium. Both consortia caused weight losses to the metal coupons exposed however corrosion rates were dissimilar from which thermophile community was the most corrosive. This analysis suggests that microbiologically influenced corrosion rates and mechanisms may differ along the oil facilities according to the variation of abundant species due to temperature changes.

Coiled tubing is defined as a continuous tubular product that is used for oil and gas well interventions. Its popularity continues to grow due to its versatility and speed of operation. Though superior grades of metal alloys exist in terms of corrosion resistance, coiled tubing operations primarily employ high-strength low-alloy steels because of their availability, lower cost and weldability. The low-alloy steel can also be thermo-mechanically controlled to elicit specific material properties, such as yield strength and ductility. These coiled tubing steels are often introduced into potentially corrosive downhole conditions, therefore proper testing must be completed to ensure adequate corrosion protection prior to job execution. Downhole corrosive conditions often encountered include; oxygen saturated fluids, elevated temperatures, exposure to oxidizing agents, hydrochloric acid and highly concentrated brines. Often these fluids will be recirculated in a closed loop system, consistently re-exposing equipment to potentially damaging conditions. Frequently, these challenging conditions faced are tested individually with pressurized mass loss coupon testing at bottom hole conditions. However, due to a recent coiled tubing incident in which the coiled tubing pipe had completely parted downhole, the post-job incident investigation involving SEM and metallographic analysis revealed pitting corrosion throughout the tubing, despite the pre-job testing performed indicating adequate acid corrosion protection for the entirety of the job. A literature review indicated very little research was available involving the possible interaction of brine solutions and diluted acid on coiled tubing carbon steels. This paper aims to investigate the possible corrosive interactions between salt brines and inhibited acid blends at elevated temperatures on high grade coiled tubing coupon samples through metallographic examinations and mass loss tests in pressurized heated cells. Coiled tubing coupons will be exposed to a variety of acid blends diluted with a 10% brine (8% wt NaCl and 2% wt CaCl2) or fresh water to investigate the possibility of corrosion enhancement between saline fluids in a diluted acid system. 

This case study involves an investigation into corrosion anomalies on an NPS 6 approximately 4 km long Yellow Jacket coated pipeline that interconnects two terminals. An in-line inspection (ILI) in 2017 identified 70 external corrosion anomalies with two of them exceeding 55% wall loss. An additional five corrosion anomalies had been previously repaired.Recent annual cathodic protection (CP) surveys and a close-interval potential survey conducted in 2015 all indicate good cathodic protection levels along the line.AC voltages as high as 6 V were measured along the pipeline which was unexpected as there are no high voltage powerlines in this area. A distribution powerline that parallels the pipeline for approximately 0.6 km was identified near the location with the elevated AC voltages.More surprisingly AC current densities of up to 1400 A/m2 and DC current densities of 2100 A/m2 were recorded on AC coupons in this area indicating a severe AC corrosion risk.Waveforms indicated that very little of the AC voltage was related to the fundamental 60 Hz powerline frequency. The majority of the AC voltage was 120 Hz frequency indicating that the AC is likely from an unfiltered single-phase rectifier. There are several CP rectifiers that influence this pipeline and one of these is associated with a ground bed installed in the area of concern.This paper discusses the testing performed to confirm the source of the elevated AC current densities and quantify the associated corrosion risk. The mitigation strategy employed to address this risk is provided.Keywords:AC Corrosion AC Interference AC Mitigation Cathodic Protection CP Ground Bed Rectifier Interference Unfiltered Rectifier Corrosion Investigation Pipeline.

The application of corrosion inhibitors (CI) to producing oil and gas field systems is one of the most common practices of corrosion control. Acid stimulation fluids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) and organic acids has high calcite and dolomite dissolving power; however, pumping HCl downhole during acid stimulation process particularly at elevated temperatures can cause severe corrosion. Therefore, the addition of corrosion inhibitors is indispensable to protect the metal from corrosion. More inhibitors that are efficacious are still needed to provide better protection against the corrosion.
Two new bisquaternary ammonium salts; 1,4-Benzenedimethanaminium, N,N'-didodecyl-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-, dichloride (CI-1) and 1,4-Benzenedimethanaminium, N,N'-dihexadecyl-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-, dichloride (CI-2) as corrosion inhibitors were successfully synthesized, characterized and electrochemically evaluated for their corrosion inhibition efficiency in 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution on API 5L X60 low carbon steel. Potentiodynamic polarization measurement revealed mixed type inhibition mechanisms of the synthesized inhibitors. Inhibition efficiency of CI-1 increase with increase in concentration 2.0 to 20.0 ppm while CI-2 efficiency does not go beyond 2 ppm. Adsorption isotherm of CI-1 was found to deviate from Langmuir isotherm due to its interaction on low carbon steel and the interaction was approximated by Temkin isotherm. Analysis of the adsorption of CI-1 on API 5L X60 involve both physisorption and chemisorption.

This paper reviews current observations from the offshore oil fields and presents the potential biotic and abiotic mechanisms to magnetite formation.

In this research an attempt has been made to evaluate the effect of surface modified nano-Fe2O3 particles on the anticorrosion and adhesion properties of epoxy coatings. Nano particles are treated by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). Epoxy coatings loaded by various amounts of nano pigments are implemented on mild steel substrates. FTIR technique is used to assess the formation of chemical bonds on particles’ surfaces. Dispersion of nano pigments in epoxy matrix is studied by UV-visible FESEM and EDS techniques. Anticorrosion and adhesion properties of nano composites are evaluated by EIS and Pull-off. Results showed that grafting of aminosilanes is successfully accomplished on nano particles surfaces. Nano iron oxide particles were dispersed uniformly in the epoxy matrix due to the surface modification process. In addition anticorrosion and adhesion properties of coatings containing nano particles increased remarkably especially in the presence of 3%wt nano iron oxide.

In the present study an Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) was used to investigate iron sulfide (FeS) precipitation kinetics from 40°C to 80°C in an aqueous H2S corrosion environment. For these FeS precipitation experiments two different substrates were used: a cathodically polarized iron-coated quartz crystal and a freely corroding iron-coated quartz crystal. The precipitation rates measured were repeatable and consistent when compared at the same temperature. It was noticed that the precipitation rates of FeS were not very sensitive to the change of temperature. It was also observed that the FeS saturation level on the substrate surface should be taken into consideration when the bulk saturation level of FeS is relatively low as the surface pH could be up to three units higher than the solution pH due to the cathodic polarization. From the obtained EQCM results the theoretical kinetic constant and the activation energy for FeSwere determined (based on bulk saturation only) from three possible FeS formation pathways.

 The novel indolizine derivative inhibitor for acidizing shows an effective corrosion inhibition without the synergism of propiolic alcohol. The inhibitive indolizine derivatives were generated from BQC (Benzyl Quinolinium Chloride a commonly used key compound in acidizing inhibitor) via a moderate 13-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) and NMR were used to confirm the detailed chemical structure. The inhibition of two indolizine derivatives in 15 wt.% HCl for N80 steel was studied by weight loss measurement electrochemical analysis and surface studies et al. Without the addition of propiolic alcohol the inhibition efficiency of N80 in 15 wt.% HCl at 90°C merely reaches 80.3% even when 1.0 wt.% of BQC was added. However under the same conditions when the dosage of two indolizine derivatives is only 0.05 wt.% the inhibition efficiency significantly grows to 98.9% and 99.2% respectively. The indolizine derivative could display an excellent protection performance at a much lower concentration. Compared with BQC the active adsorption sites in indolizine derivatives are reinforced and consequently increase the inhibition. The indolizine derivatives exhibit an enlightening economic advantage and offer an eco-friendly inhibitive material. They might be applied as an important component of new acidizing inhibitor in the future.