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Offshore wind farms are important contributions to the growing need for the generation of renewable energy. The number of offshore wind farms is growing, and multiple projects are under planning and construction around the world. One key element for a profitable and sustainable operation of offshore wind farms is that the installations are protected with the most cost-effective corrosion protective solution for the entire lifetime of the offshore wind farm. In practice, this means that today’s projects are planned with an estimated lifetime of a minimum of 35 years without major maintenance of the corrosion protective solution. To achieve this it is instrumental that the entire lifetime cost is considered when a corrosion protective solution is selected.
The offshore Oil&Gas industry started in the early 1970’s on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. Some of the first jacket installations were first applied with traditional epoxy coating systems. However, good experience with glass flake reinforced polyester coatings in the early 1980's convinced operators to apply these high build coating systems for all new structures, as well as refurbishing several existing structures during offshore maintenance campaigns. Glass flake reinforced polyester coatings have now been used for more than 35 years under offshore conditions on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. High film thickness and highly abrasion-resistant coatings have proven to be highly durable in the tidal/splash zone of offshore constructions.
Following the worlds growing need for sustainable energy solutions, offshore wind farms are important contributions to the generation of renewable energy. One key element for a profitable and sustainable operation of offshore wind farms is that the installations are protected with the most cost-effective corrosion protective solution for the entire lifetime. In practice, this means that today’s projects are planned with an estimated lifetime of a minimum of 25 years without major maintenance of the corrosion protective solution.
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The paper provides a review about the corrosion and corrosion protection of offshore wind energy devices (OWEA) with a focus on the support structure. Firstly, special features resulting from location and operation of wind energy devices offshore are being discussed. This includes the definition of a load collective. Secondly, types of corrosion and corrosion phenomena are summarized in a systematic way.
The formation of mineral scale is an undesirable phenomenon which is as a result of the disturbances in thermodynamics and chemical equilibria of the water system. CaCO3 scale is one of the major flow challenges in the oil industry and the crystallization process starts from thermodynamically unstable hydrated form to anhydrous polymorphic stable forms1,2 The transformation involves a series of ordering, dehydration, and crystallization processes, each lowering the enthalpy of the system where the crystallization of the dehydrated amorphous material lowers the enthalpy the most. There are two theories regarding the polymorphic transformation of a solid structure. The first suggests the transformation occurs through a direct solid transition in which the metastable phase exhibits a rearrangement of its molecules or atoms to a more stable form3. The second is valid in the presence of a solvent which allows the dissolution and the re-nucleation and growth of the stable phase4.