AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

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Experimental Design Considerations for Exposure of Surrogate Fe in Assessing Atmospheric Corrosion in a Marine Environment

Product Number: 51324-21077-SG

Author: Alexander Johnson; Christine Sanders; Raymond Santucci; Sheri Stanke

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

A rigorous assessment of marine atmospheric corrosion at a controlled NRL test site in Key West Florida was conducted. Certain factors which have been previously implicated in the literature as controlling, or at least heavily influencing, the corrosion of engineering materials in atmospheric exposure were isolated and explored. In this study, low carbon steel witness coupons were exposed to assess atmospheric corrosion. In particular, the effect of steel alloy type, coupon width, location, and exposure condition were tested. Coupons were exposed under ambient condition, sprayed with sea water, or rinsed with clear water. Results were assessed in terms of steel mass loss. Several important findings relevant to experimental design of atmospheric corrosion were assessed. Coupons treated with sea water experienced substantially greater corrosion rates compared to coupons exposed ambiently. Samples rinsed with clear water experienced lesser corrosion rates compared to ambiently exposed samples. Furthermore, corrosion rate differed by location: coupons exposed closer to the salty ocean water experienced greater corrosion compared to ones exposed further inland. Coupons with a thinner width also had greater area-normalized corrosion compared to wider coupons. The results of this study will benefit the entire atmospheric corrosion community since it establishes what the best practices are for exposure.

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Experimental Evaluation Of Corrosion Modeling On Carbon Steel In Sub-Critical And Supercritical CO2 Environments

Product Number: 51321-16750-SG

Author: Chin-Hua “Jim” Cheng; Raymundo Case

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Experimental Evaluation of Water Transport Through Insulation

Product Number: 51319-13477-SG

Author: Jose Vera

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

A simple set-up and methodology was developed to semi-quantitatively measure water transport (liquid and vapor) through intact insulation and damaged insulation when a thermal gradient across the insulation is maintained. The main objective was to contribute to a better understanding of water transport mechanism in different insulation materials which can be related to corrosion under insulation (CUI). Most tests were conducted using polyurethane insulation and for comparison purposes few tests were conducted with mineral wool insulation.Results from this study indicated different time scales for the following main processes affecting the moisture content at the metal/insulation interface which illustrated a potentially effective approach for CUI mitigation:<ul><li>Water transport from the environment to the metal surface through intact insulation.</li><li>Water transport from the environment to the metal surface through damaged insulation.</li><li>Water transport out of the metal surface through the insulation.

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Experimental Investigation of Solid Particle Erosion for Long Radius Elbows in Gas-Solid Flow

Product Number: 51323-19099-SG

Author: Faris S. Bilal, Mazen M. Othayq, Asad Nadeem, Siamack A. Shirazi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Solid particle erosion is a significant challenge for the oil and gas industry, especially on pipeline fittings such as the elbow that change the flow direction. In the past few decades, most of the erosion investigations were done on standard elbows experimentally or numerically using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methodology. For example, Othayq et al. investigated two standard elbows in a series of 3-inch (76.2 mm) pipe diameters in gas-solid flow.

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Experimental Investigation on the Corrosion Rate of L80-1Cr Steel in Seawater and Formation Water From a North Sea Offshore Field in CO2 Atmosphere

Product Number: 51319-13061-SG

Author: Riccardo Rizzo

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

L80-1Cr is a common steel grade used in Oil & Gas applications as production tubing. This grade has been successfully employed in the industry for decades. However the used of injecting seawater (water flooding) as a mean of enhancing oil recovery significantly increases the risk of corrosion failure of the tubulars present in the well. When water is injected it will first displace the formation water already present in the reservoir which will enter in the production tubing together with the oil. With time the produced water chemistry will change from formation to seawater. Together with this other parameters like lower temperature and pH as a result of water flooding may have a significant impact on the corrosion resistance of tubing materials. Therefore the purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effect of the seawater and formation water on the corrosion behavior of L80-1Cr in an oil production environment. The composition of the two waters and the testing condition replicates the real field situations experienced by operators in the Danish sector of the North Sea. The effect of Ca2+ and temperature are evaluated. Experiments were carried out at ambient pressure in a three-electrode cell setup. The atmosphere constituted of pure CO2 at three different temperatures namely: 40˚C 60˚C and 80. Linear Polarization and potentiodynamic sweeps were used to investigate the electrochemical behavior. The corrosion products and precipitates were analyzed using XRD SEM-EDS. Calcium carbonate together with amorphous iron carbonate was the main product found on the surfaces and it made the deposit more porous and brittle and therefore less protective.

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Experimental Studies on the Stability of Highly Sour Corrosion Product Layers

Product Number: 51324-21028-SG

Author: Jon Kvarekvål ; Morten Tjelta

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The formation and long-term stability of corrosion product layers formed under sour service conditions with up to 30 bar H2S and 10 bar CO2 have been studied. Corrosion experiments were carried out in autoclaves with exposure times up to six months. The test solutions consisted of different brines with sodium chloride concentrations ranging from 0.1 g/L to 100 g/L. Temperatures were in the range of 15-120 oC. Both weight loss corrosion and localized corrosion data were obtained. 3D profilometry was used to obtain detailed data on pitting and localized corrosion morphology. The effects of the corrosion product layers, predominantly iron sulfides, on general and localized corrosion behavior are discussed on the background of existing literature.

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Experimental Study and Finite Element Modelling of the Cathodic Protection Influence on Parallel Pipelines During Maintenance Operations

Product Number: 51324-20713-SG

Author: Erwan Diler; Yves Zannier; Alexandre Billot; Flavien Vucko; Tiphaine Lutzler

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Dense buried pipelines network, such as in implemented in parallel, can be installed in different process and storage mills, such as geological gas and hydrocarbon storages. Their corrosion resistance is ensured by a combination of organic coating and cathodic protection (CP). For maintenance operation on a specific pipeline, the CP can be turned off for safety reasons. Thus, the operated pipeline can be affected by CP influence from other surrounding protected ones. This phenomenon is supported in the field by different pigging inspections, highlighting local corrosion induced by output stray current on coating defects. In the literature, many studies focused on CP influences by finite and/or boundary element modeling. However, usually the foreign structures considered (under influence) are limited to bare steel or fully coated pipeline. Moreover, most of these studies are not confronted with experimental works. To our knowledge, the actual influence between the different pipelines is not much documented in the literature and not quantified. In this study, an experiment consisting in 3.00 x 1.80 x 0.80 m sand tank, equipped with 4 full scale parallel pipelines, with 17 model defects were realized. The model defects reproduce uniformly degraded coating and local defects. The experimental work allows i) measuring the DC influence under different CP configurations, and ii) providing stray current data for finite element modelling (FEM). The FEM was performed in a two steps i) a CP distribution in terms of current demand and electric field on protected pipelines, and ii) application of this electric field to the foreign pipeline. The good agreement obtained allows a validation the proposed approach and globally assess the riskier scenario in terms of nature of the defect, applied CP and soil environment.

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Experimentation to Develop a Quantitative Method for Characterizing the Level of Flash Rusting Formed on Carbon Steel after Ultra High Pressure Waterjetting

Product Number: 41206-253-SG

Author: Moavin Islam, Wayne McGaulley, James Tagert

Publication Date: 2006

$20.00

High pressure (HP) and ultra-high pressure (UHP) waterjetting for coating removal and surface preparation has several advantages compared to the industry standard abrasive grit blasting process. However, a major drawback of waterjetting is subsequent flash rusting of the steel surface. The color of the flash rust is typically orange, red, or brown of various shades depending on the color of the underlying steel, the nature of the surrounding environment, and the duration of exposure to the environment.

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Expert Corrosion Design Basis Memorandum (E-CDBM)-Corrosion Digital Solution at Your Fingertips

Product Number: MECC23-19866-SG

Author: Siti Kathijah Binti Wahi; Zurina Binti Jamil; Nadiah Binti Muhammad; Ahmad Mustaza Bin Ahmad Rusli; M Faris Bin Mawardi; Mohd Farid Bin Rahmat Sam

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The drives to digitalize the development of Expert Corrosion Design Basis Memorandum (E-CDBM) is due to the pain points involved in the typical development of CDBM. Among the challenges with the typical CDBM development are where longer duration is required for CDBM development due to the CDBM developed by various parties and no standardized format and content available. Without a standard approach in developing CDBM assessment, content, and output may be insufficient.

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Exploration of the Influence of Microbe Availability on MIC of Steel Marine Fouling Environments

Product Number: 51319-13461-SG

Author: Samanbar Permeh

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Anomalous localized corrosion of submerged steel H-piles was detected in a Florida bridge spanning over a brackish river. Microbiological and chemical analysis of the waters samples showed high population of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and high concentration of sulfate ions. The steel piles had noticeable heavy marine growth which were thought to have an effect on corrosion process by supporting biofilm development creating localized corrosion and differential aeration cells. As part of ongoing research to identify the role of physical properties of macrofouling on the aggravation of microbiologically influences corrosion(MIC) of submerged steel bridge the objective of the work presented here was to identify the influence of microbe availability to promote SRB proliferation under occluded and porous fouling spaces and development of MIC there. Both laboratory and field exposure tests were conducted. Laboratory experiments were carried out in nutrient-rich environments inoculated with SRB with both occluded and porous crevice conditions characteristic of hard and soft marine fouling. Field exposure tests included long term exposure of steel coupons subjected to varying submersion depths in the river at the Florida bridge site. Electrochemical tests included the measurement of open circuit potential (OCP) linear polarization resistance (LPR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It was confirmed that SRB proliferation can occur as the macroorganism can accommodate different environmental condition. Occurrence of severe corrosion conditions was shown to be possible in the presence of macrofoulers and SRB.

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Exploring CO2 Annular Corrosion In Flexible Pipes At Different Pressures

Product Number: 51321-16796-SG

Author: Maira Eleni Mitzithra; John Rothwell; Shiladitya Paul; Fabricio Pinheiro dos Santos

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Exploring The Truth About Aluminium Flakes As Pigments In Corrosion Protective Coatings

Product Number: 51322-18194-SG

Author: Andreas Løken, Magne Kringberg, Anders W. B. Skilbred, Torstein Lædre

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The success of corrosion protective coating systems relies, to a great extent, on the coatings’ inherent barrier properties. This barrier property signifies the coating’s ability to withstand the permeation of sea water and oxygen, thus minimizing corrosion of the underlying metal. While various additives or pigments can promote the barrier property of coatings, one of the most common pigments is aluminum flakes [1-4].The idea behind their use is simple, and essentially relies on having the aluminum flakes in the coating oriented parallel to the underlying substrate. With them in place, the pathways for sea water and oxygen effectively increase, thus preventing the progression of corrosion. However, while having been employed in numerous coating formulations for many years, the evidence for the success of aluminum flakes as barrier pigments is still lacking.

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance