AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

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Carbonate Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel in Refinery FCC Main Fractionator Overhead Systems

Product Number: 51390-90206-SG

Author: J.H. Kmetz, D.J. Truax

Publication Date: 1990

$20.00

Intergranular cracking and faiulure of carbon steel piping and vessels of FCC Main Fraqctionator overhead systems in NH3-H2S-CO2- containing environments is attributed to carbonate stress corrosion cracking. From plant water sampling program, cracking is correlated with water chemistry, open circuit potential and pH.

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Carbonation Modelling of Historic Concrete Buildings

Product Number: 51319-13078-SG

Author: Paul Noyce

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

As concrete buildings age the significance of them becomes more important as they are seen as historic icons and in some countries are protected by local laws. This puts a large demand on their service life requirements as they are expected to last indefinitely. The lifetime of these buildings is most commonly dictated by corrosion of the embedded reinforcing steel cause by carbonation. Challenges with carbonation comes down to dealing with the length of time before corrosion will be initiated and then how long it takes in the propagation phase before damage to the concrete occurs.The paper will look at various carbonation models used by practitioners which provide a level of prediction to future degradation and evaluate how effective these are in the real world. An emphasis will be on environmental conditions and how this impacts performance of the building. These environmental indexes are required on most structures if any level of accuracy is required. In addition to establishing parameters required by service life models inspection techniques will be reviewed for their applicability on understanding underlying corrosion conditions.

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Carbonation-Induced Corrosion Assessment for Reinforced Concrete Structures

Product Number: 51324-21169-SG

Author: Kingsley Lau; Samanbar Permeh; Sepehr Faridmarandi; Mansoureh Ghahfarokhi; Atorod Azizinamini

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Rebar corrosion induced by carbonation of concrete can occur in structures in both wet and dry exposures. This corrosion can become increasingly relevant in buildings as housing structures age and concrete carbonation occurs. The corrosion risk can vary depending on inter-related factors that include design, materials, and environmental exposure. The risk of corrosion furthermore can be assessed by the corrosion initiation and propagation phases. In this work two sets of testing were performed, including large scale concrete column testing to assess the corrosion behavior of steel subjected to loading and small-scale concrete testing to identify the effect of material and moisture condition environments on carbonation penetration. Concrete was cast with different water-to-cement ratio, limestone aggregate size, and conditioned in various moisture environments. The concrete specimens conditioned in wet conditions maintained in extended accelerated carbonation conditioning for up to 1 month of continuous carbonation of near 100% CO2 at 20 psi did not yield any significant carbonation penetration due to the slow rate of CO2 penetration. Concrete carbonation for the concrete specimens maintained in the dry condition fully carbonated within 67 hours and significant carbonation occurred for the concrete specimens maintained at 75%RH. In the carbonated concrete, the corrosion rate ranged from 0.2-0.8 µA/cm2. In presence of an external compressive force, the corrosion rates were similar; however, the time to corrosion initiation was delayed in time by a factor of 1.6-2. It is evident that both corrosion initiation and propagation should be considered when establishing recommendations for structural health monitoring and inspection.

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Cartridge Technology for Spray-Applied Coatings - Low Cost, Reliable, Portable, and GREEN

Product Number: 41212-684-SG

Author: Peter Kuzyk

Publication Date: 2012

$20.00

With increasing frequency cartridge-based technology is becoming the preferred method for touch-up and repair applications using high-solids coatings. Cartridge technology directly addresses many of the issues associated with batch mixing including pot life constraints, waste generation and off-ratio material proportioning/mixing. Recent data indicate there are substantial cost-savings and environmental benefits associated with cartridge use in comparison to conventional methods of touchup and repair.

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Case Analysis Of Electromagnetic Interference Of AC Substation On Pipeline

Product Number: 51322-17517-SG

Author: Su Jin

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

A substation is a place where the power system converts voltage and current and receives and distributes electric energy. When a phase line is abnormally connected to another phase line or ground, a large amount of current will flow into the ground through the grounding bed of the substation. In such case, if metal structures exist such as buried pipelines near the substation, the pipelines often withstand serious electrical interference 1, which causes stray current corrosion of the pipelines 2 and other safety problems.

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Case Histories of Permian Area Scale Treatment Challenges and Chemical Program Optimization Strategies

Product Number: 51324-20857-SG

Author: Haiping Lu; Wei Wei; Chao Yan; Roy Young; David Nix

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

During production in the Permian Area, one of the most impactful operational issues is scale formation and deposition, which can be related to CaCO3, CaSO4, BaSO4, FeS, etc. Scale can occur anywhere from downhole reservoirs and wellbores to topside facilities. Based on different scale formation species, operation conditions, and system requirements, scale treatment strategies will vary and can include the following aspects: • For downhole conditions, either continuous injection or squeeze application can be applied. Squeeze treatments can effectively prevent carbonate and sulfate scales for typically at least 6 to 12 months and help to reduce the amount of solid deposition downhole and in surface facilities. • For surface facilities, continuous injection is usually applied. Scale inhibitors should be compatible with high TDS & high calcium waters to avoid pseudo scale formation, causing increased usage of inhibitors and even blockage of the system. • Iron sulfide (FeS) scale can be controlled by chelators, i.e., Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate (THPS), though typically should be combined with corrosion control and even H2S scavenging treatment to reduce FeS solid deposition. This paper presents case histories from the Permian Area, including general scale issues, FeS deposition cases, and guidance for selecting suitable treatment programs to provide insights on future scale treatments in similar operations.

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Case History on the Selection of Materials in a Bulk Handling Chemical Facility at Partitioned Zone

Product Number: 51317--8967-SG

ISBN: 8967 2017 CP

Author: Tariq Kamshad

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This paper reviews corrosion issues encountered as a result of using incompatible construction materials with production chemicals, which eventually lead to multiple failures.

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Case History: Decorative Yet Functional Floor Coating at the Energy Innovation Center

Product Number: 51216-002-SG

Author: Steven Reinstadtler

Publication Date: 2016

$20.00

The Energy Innovation Center’s approximately 80-year-old concrete floor had significant divots and was badly spalled and cracked. The concrete floor, often referred to as “The Racetrack” due to its oval shape, serves as the main hallway to a newly renovated technology hub and needed significant structural and aesthetic work. The re-finished floor had to offer durable functionality as well as blend into the neo-industrial look of the re-tasked building.

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Case History: Lining Water Box Condensers

Product Number: 51322-17937-SG

Author: Frank Rea

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

An energy company hired a contractor to remove and replace the linings of water box condensers during a maintenance shut down. This case history will give a summary of the scope of work, a review of the specification, a description of the work performed, an accounting of the in-process inspection, and a summary of lessons learned during the project.

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Case History: Site-Applied Decorative Polyaspartic Flooring in A Residential Garage Floor Application

Product Number: 41214-850-SG

Author: Steven Reinstadtler, Margaret Kendi

Publication Date: 2014

$20.00

Polyaspartic coatings have been used for years in high-performance industrial protective applications such as bridge infrastructure, water and wastewater, and transportation. More recently, these types of coatings have begun to migrate into commercial and architectural applications due to end users’ desires to protect their architectural infrastructure while maintaining a high degree of aesthetics and beauty.

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Case Studies - Learnings from CUI Failures and Inspection Challenges

Product Number: 51324-21070-SG

Author: Ahmad Raza Khan Rana; J. Kyle Williams; Graham Brigham

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is a leading damage mechanism that affects the entire hydrocarbon sector, from production to oil refinery settings. Modern-day inspection programs for CUI management are prioritized based on the risk scores associated with assets. This study addresses the numerous field learning for CUI management from various standpoints. It discusses in detail the outlooks and pitfalls with various disciplines namely non-destructive examination (NDE), risk-based inspections (RBI), workmanship (i.e., insulation craft), field maintenance/ retrofitting as well as corrosion monitoring location (CML) ports. It also discusses some latest and novel remedies to address some CUI triggers and drivers.

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Case Studies of Thermal Fatigue Damage in Duplex and Stabilized Stainless Steel

Product Number: 51319-13271-SG

Author: Naif Alabri

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Thermal fatigue is a specific type of fatigue failure mechanism that is induced by cyclic stresses generated due to repetitive fluctuations in the temperature. These temperature change in the material induces thermal expansion (or contraction) and if surrounding material or external constraints hinder this expansion thermal stresses arise. The degree of damage is affected by the magnitude and frequency of the temperature swings and typically appears in the form of one or more surface cracks on the component.This paper presents two case histories of thermal fatigue failure along with detailed metallurgical analysis of stainless steel pressure components in a downstream Aromatics plant.The first case study is on failure of a UNS31803 duplex stainless steel heat exchanger tubing that occurred after four and half years in service. The damage was in the form of multiple parallel circumferential surface cracks with few cracks propagating through the wall thickness of tube. The equipment was subjected to a temperature differential of about 100 deg C every 4 hours of operation during alternate heating & cooling cycle.The second failure discussed is on 6” diameter UNS32100 process piping after around ten years of service. This is primarily a thermal mix point wherein demineralized water is injected in a hot gas stream resulting in a temperature gradient of more than 100 Deg C. The failure mode was also characterized by many circumferential cracks at location of injection as well as about 2-3 diameters downstream injection point.Keywords: Thermal Fatigue Stainless Steel Cyclic stresses Temperature differential

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance