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The oil and gas industry is currently operating numerous fields that contain high concentrations of CO2 and H2S at elevated temperatures. Under such conditions, internal corrosion control has emerged as a significant challenge, leading to severe material failures in production wells and posing a substantial threat to oil and gas infrastructure.
Internal corrosion of pipelines represents a critical risk during the initial stages of production, with a reported occurrence of above 9,000 failures between 1990 and 2012.
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Nowadays, oil and gas fields containing a high concentration of CO2 and H2S at high temperatures are being operated in many areas. Here, internal corrosion control under these conditions has become one of the significant challenges in oil and gas production wells and a major cause of severe corrosion–related material failure in the industry.
Internal corrosion of the pipelines turns out to be a critical threat to the initial stage of production.
Cyclic polarization measurements were used to illustrate the corrosion and passive behavior of the stainless steels under the tail gas conditions. Electrochemical behavior of stainless steels in SO2-saturated solutions with various concentrations of Cl- and F- was also studied.
The use of fall protection equipment is very common nowadays. Still, however, many users do not know the basics of fall protection or the why and how this equipment function. Safety in general depends a lot on the use of common sense and proper due diligence. Understanding the risk of falling will lead us to be safe. It is a fact that we are all exposed to Gravity at all times 24/7; and we, humans in general, take little or no protection and precaution against gravity. The reality is that falls are never expected.
Over recent years there have been interesting developments in the way marine coatings and linings are specified that have unwittingly resulted in a situation that can make it challenging to meet a paint specification as currently written.
The failure assessment of the collapse of the Quebec Bridge in 1907 conducted by the Royal Commission is discussed in the following paper. The Quebec Bridge is a 987.5 m long; 29 m wide; and 104 m high riveted steel truss structure which collapsed not once but twice during construction. The reason for the bridge failure was attributed to member behavior and stability proved by experimental work conducted following the collapse by Royal Commission. The bridge was finally completed in 1917 and has been in operation since then. The lessons learned from the bridge collapse were pivotal in the advancement of engineering design, fabrication and formation of the two organizations, namely - the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1914 and American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) in 1921. The author highlights the importance of validating the design criteria and specifications by material and load testing, conducting peer reviews, design control, and paying attention to details. The lessons learned reinforce the need to establish and monitor shop fabrication practices, inspection procedures and gates (witness, hold and review points) to safely complete the execution of any civil engineering project, be it onshore or offshore construction.
Whether we choose to recognize it or not, every company has a safety culture that continuously changes, and even rebrands itself from time to time. An opportunity for safety performance improvement is created by choosing to recognize the need and manage the rebranding of the culture. The concept of a safety culture can be divided into broad and narrow aspects.
A The white paper titled “The Rebranding of a Safety Culture” presented at the 2019 SSPC Coatings+ Conference introduced the concept of managing the process of rebranding a safety culture. Leadership Commitment and Practicing Accountability are significant components to the rebranding process.
The marine inspector is responsible for monitoring the coating specification in its simplest form. Applicators and shipyards get caught up with the inspectors when warranties are mentioned. As I have discussed with owners, yards and applicators, I know of no way to dial in an inspectors criteria based upon warranty. The inspector’s criteria will be based upon the coating specifications. How he handles this depends upon his training, experience and education. Many third party inspectors come from coating companies or applicators. They may or may not get certification from NACE or SSPC.
Metallic coatings are frequently used on carbon steel and other metallic and non-metallic substrates for corrosion control, decorative or aesthetic purposes. The coating metal commonly used includes Zn, Al, Cu, Ni, Cr, Ag, Au, etc., singly or sometime in combination. When one of these metal coatings is applied on a metallic substrate, it is very important to consider the relative positions of the coating material and the substrate in the galvanic or EMF series.
Aluminum-based, iron-based and nickel-based alloys of known microstructures were exposed to cavitation erosion conditions using a vibratory cavitation testing apparatus in seawater as a testing medium. The cavitation tests were made at a frequency of 20 KHz as per ASTM-G30-90 and at a temperature of 25oC. Cavitation made the surface of these alloys very rough, exhibiting large cavity pits in the middle region of the attacked area as revealed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The cavitation damage initiated at interfaces of high energy such as grain boundaries, twins, Stacking faults and second phase particles. Hydrodynamic, electrochemical and metallurgical factors played a major role in loss of metals for these alloys as a result of the cavitation action.