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Corrosion Monitoring and Control

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Picture for Lessons Learned During 10 Years of ECDA Application
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Lessons Learned During 10 Years of ECDA Application

Product Number: 51315-5601-SG
ISBN: 5601 2015 CP
Author: Sorin Segall
Publication Date: 2015
$20.00

This paper summarizes the results of ten years of External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA) application on more than 100 projects and includes a number of important lessons learned during the process.
Picture for Lessons Learned from Offshore Coating Programs
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Lessons Learned from Offshore Coating Programs

Product Number: 51317--9226-SG
ISBN: 9226 2017 CP
Author: Michael Yee
Publication Date: 2017
$20.00

This paper will cover the background of increasing regulations and audits, the reasons why many coatings and fireproofing systems prematurely fail, and also the solutions that may help address these issues that many operators face today.
Picture for Life Cycle Costs For Thermal Spray Zinc Duplex Coatings On Long Lifetime Steel Constructions
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Life Cycle Costs For Thermal Spray Zinc Duplex Coatings On Long Lifetime Steel Constructions

Product Number: 51322-17803-SG
Author: M. Gagné, O.Ø. Knudsen, K. O. Dahle
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Very often the life of a corrosion protection paint coating system will not meet the design life of the steel structure it is supposed to protect. Decisions about coating selection are usually focusing on the costs for the initial construction, ignoring the certain future maintenance costs. The total cost of ownership includes the initial cost plus the maintenance, operating and finance costs over the life of a structure. Repeated maintenance operations, and resulting downtime, can add significantly to the total cost of ownership.
Life-Cycle Cost Evaluation of Corrosion Mitigation Strategies in the Mining Industry
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Life-Cycle Cost Evaluation Of Corrosion Mitigation Strategies In Mining Industry

Product Number: 51322-18146-SG
Author: M. Naghizadeh, Y. Savguira, M. Fatakdawala
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

An economic evaluation of a project plays a significant role in determining its feasibility. Corrosion is intrinsic to the operation of metallic assets, and the costs dedicated to its prevention and/or its consequences are unavoidable. Different corrosion strategies could be developed to address the project's needs while complying with relevant codes and standards. These various corrosion control strategies are characterized by inherently different capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operating expenses (OPEX). Careful analysis of the cost projections for each of the considered corrosion mitigation strategies is needed for project optimization and improvement of return on investment.  
Picture for Local Hard Zones On TMCP Large Diameter Line Pipes: What Do We Know?
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Local Hard Zones On TMCP Large Diameter Line Pipes: What Do We Know?

Product Number: 51322-17565-SG
Author: Hervé Marchebois, Bruce Cowe, Thierry Cassagne
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

The current paper deals with a thorough analysis of these newly recognized LHZ with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Electron Back Scattering Diffraction (EBSD) investigations through the wall thickness of pipes. Internal diameter (ID) surface, intermediate zone and bulk metal microstructures showed an increase of a strong misorientation while approaching the ID. Thus, LHZ is characterized by the presence of lath and especially lower bainite type microstructures associated to high local hardness above the NACE MR 0175 / ISO 15156 limits for sour service applications.
Picture for Localized Corrosion Behavior of Ferritic and Austenitic Passive Materials
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Localized Corrosion Behavior of Ferritic and Austenitic Passive Materials

Product Number: 51317--9042-SG
ISBN: 9042 2017 CP
Author: Raul Rebak
Publication Date: 2017
$20.00

 This paper shows results comparing the localized corrosion resistance of seven martensitic, ferritic and austenitic stainless steels in deaerated 10,000 ppm Cl- solution at ambient temperature.
Picture for Localized Corrosion Management For Thermally Insulated Systems Via Insulation Stand-Offs And Low Point Drains
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Localized Corrosion Management For Thermally Insulated Systems Via Insulation Stand-Offs And Low Point Drains

Product Number: 51322-17585-SG
Author: Ahmad Raza Khan Rana, Graham Brigham, Omar Chaar, George Jarjoura
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Corrosion under thermal insulations namely CUI (Corrosion under insulation) is a key degradation process in hydrocarbon facilities which poses asset integrity risks. 1 CUI is reported as the reason behind 40-60% of failures of the process piping in a typical oil refining facility. Speaking smaller-sized process piping (i.e., NPS < 4”), up to 81% of reported failures are known to result from CUI. 2 Monetary spending to inspect and fix CUI-related failures cost 10% of overall maintenance budget in a typical medium-sized oil refinery. 2 CUI risk is influenced by numerous operational and environmental factors which impedes its management in a typical AIM (Asset integrity management) program. The
Picture for Localized Corrosion Managing Clamp in a Crevice Between Clamp and CRAs Pipe/Tube Line
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Localized Corrosion Managing Clamp in a Crevice Between Clamp and CRAs Pipe/Tube Line

Product Number: 51317--9281-SG
ISBN: 9281 2017 CP
Author: Byoung Young Yoon
Publication Date: 2017
$20.00

To support installed tube lines, plastic clamp systems (which cause a high risk of corrosion failure of the pipe and tube) have been widely used. Crevice corrosion resistance of such was investigated based on the standard test methods. Characteristics were analyzed and operational life time estimated.
Picture for Localized Corrosion Studied Via Interferometry Using Modified Surfaces
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Localized Corrosion Studied Via Interferometry Using Modified Surfaces

Product Number: 51322-17747-SG
Author: Tracey Jackson, Haitao Fang, Jagrut Jani, Johnathon Brooks, Lei Huang
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Corrosion failures in the oil and gas industry are dominated by localized failures in carbon steel; however, the industry has yet to develop standards for localized corrosion specifically for low alloy carbon steels (CS) such as UNS K03014 (API) 5LX65 [X65]) or UNS G10180 (C1018). The reasons for the lack of standardization are understandable as they are not trivial. The challenges are as follows: 1) CS pitting is more complex than pitting on stainless steels (SS) and can be impacted by corrosion byproducts and other forms of scales, and 2) surface finish of a test coupon or electrode has a significant impact on the three phases of pitting: initiation, propagation, and termination.
Long- And Short-Term Laboratory Testing Of UNS N06985 For OCTG In Extreme Sour Environments
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Long- And Short Term Laboratory Testing Of UNS N06985 For OCTG In Extreme Sour Environments

Product Number: 51322-17966-SG
Author: Wenle He, Charlotte Ulfvin, Per Olsson Artberger
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

UNS N06985 is a nickel-based alloy with additions of Mo, Cu and W. Because of its high strength and high resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC), cold worked UNS N06985 has been extensively used for OCTG (Oil Country Tubular Goods). The SCC initiation has been studied in Cl-H2S-CO2 containing sour environments; and the SCC resistance was often evaluated using slow strain rate testing (SSRT) for screening by short-term testing and using tensile or C-ring for verification by long-term autoclave testing exposures1. UNS N06985 showed high resistance to SCC at high temperatures in elemental sulfur containing environments with moderate chlorides2.
Long Term Performance of Glass Flake Reinforced Polyesters - A Case Study After 35 Years Under Offshore Conditions
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Long Term Performance Of Glassflake Reinforced Polyesters - A Case Study After 35 Years Under Offshore Conditions

Product Number: 51322-18125-SG
Author: Anders W. B. Skilbred, Jing Jin, Andreas Løken, Lasse Isaksen
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Offshore wind farms are important contributions to the growing need for the generation of renewable energy. The number of offshore wind farms is growing, and multiple projects are under planning and construction around the world. One key element for a profitable and sustainable operation of offshore wind farms is that the installations are protected with the most cost-effective corrosion protective solution for the entire lifetime of the offshore wind farm. In practice, this means that today’s projects are planned with an estimated lifetime of a minimum of 35 years without major maintenance of the corrosion protective solution. To achieve this it is instrumental that the entire lifetime cost is considered when a corrosion protective solution is selected.  
Picture for Long-Term Case Studies Of Cathodic Protection Along The Texas Gulf Coast
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Long-Term Case Studies Of Cathodic Protection Along The Texas Gulf Coast

Product Number: 51322-17734-SG
Author: Stephen W. Foster, Kyle Myers
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Managing aging reinforced concrete infrastructure is a complex and capital-intensive task, particularly in harsh marine and coastal environments. Corrosion from saltwater, coupled with wet and dry cycles, are particularly problematic for long-term durability of reinforced concrete. The Gulf Coast presents a challenge for maintaining service life of concrete structures that are exposed to high levels of chlorides, either by direct contact with salty or brackish water or by indirect contact with salt spray. Chlorides induce corrosion of the steel reinforcement which initiates cracking and spalling of the concrete, reducing the service life of the structure.
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