AMPP Store - Conference Papers

Available for download

Expected Service Life and Cost Considerations for Maintenance and New Construction Protective Coating Work

Product Number: 51324-20960-SG

Author: Jayson L. Helsel; Robert Lanterman

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This paper is an update to “Expected Service Life and Cost Considerations for Maintenance and New Construction Protective Coating Work” by the authors in 2022.1 The paper is designed to assist the coatings engineer or specifier in identifying candidate protective coating systems for typical service environments and provides: 1) commonly used generic coating systems; 2) practical maintenance time for each system and service environment; 3) current material costs; 4) current field and shop painting costs; and 5) guidelines for calculating approximate installed costs of the systems. Guidelines for developing long-term life-cycle costs and number of paintings for the expected life of the structure are also included. The basic elements of economic analysis and justification are addressed together with guidance on the preparation of a Present Value Analysis. Examples are provided to aid the reader in the proper use of the information. Updates to the paper include coating system revisions for atmospheric exposure, new discussion related to maintenance painting strategies and new cost information. Key words: protective coatings, life-cycle costs, coating selection, coating system life, containment costs, industrial maintenance, maintenance painting costs, industrial environments, corrosive, solvent-free, metalizing, galvanizing, Present Value Analysis, installed coating costs.

Available for download

Experiences with Coating Systems Selection for the World Trade Center Transportation Hub

Product Number: 41212-667-SG

Author: John Bullard

Publication Date: 2012

$20.00

The World Trade Center (WTC) Transportation Hub is a multi-billion-dollar project comprising WTC Tower One, the train station, and retail space. The structural steel and architectural elements require long-term corrosion and fire protection. The design of the buildings and various architectural elements within them presented many difficulties to providing the desired end-result.

Available for download

Experimental and Numerical Erosion Pattern Study in a Pulverized Coal Injection Nozzle Geometry

Product Number: 51323-19575-SG

Author: Ann Grue, Lawrence D. Berg, Soroor Karimi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

A significant portion of global energy demand is met using coal. Even with developing interest in other energy sources, use of coal to generate electricity is expected to remain steady due to overall rising global electricity needs. Most applications for coal combustion electricity generation utilize pulverized coal (PC) as the fuel.

Available for download

Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Influence of Particle Sizes on Erosion of Elbows in Series in Gas-Solid and Multiphase Flow Conditions

Product Number: 51323-19098-SG

Author: Mazen M. Othayq, Faris S. Bilal, Farzin Darihaki, Ronald E. Vieira, Soroor Karimi, Siamack A. Shirazi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

In the oil and gas industry, solid particle erosion is a common challenge in pipelines, flowlines, and fitting components such as elbows. Elbows have been widely used to change the flow direction in industrial flowlines. When erosion occurs due to the impact of solid particles, it leads to significant financial and environmental threats.

Available for download

Experimental Characterization of Grain Boundary Fracture Properties in a FeCr12Ni26Si3 Austenitic Stainless Steel Oxidized in PWR Environment

Product Number: ED22-17126-SG

Author: Rachma Azihari, Jérémy Hure, Marc Legros, Benoît Tanguy

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Austenitic stainless steels are used for the core internal structures (bolts, baffles, formers) in Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR). During operational service, baffle to former bolts have been observed to undergo Irradiation-Assisted Stress Corrosion Cracking (IASCC), which is characterized by intergranular cracking. IASCC results from the material corrosion susceptibility, the microstructural changes induced by irradiation, the corrosive media and the mechanical loading. Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the complex interplay between the different factors, mostly focusing on InterGranular Stress Corrosion Cracking (IGSCC) of pre-irradiated samples in PWR environment. In particular, the oxidation behavior of grain boundaries and the mechanical loading of grain boundaries have been assessed in details. Depending on the oxidation time and the GB nature, oxide penetration along GB has been observed. The intergranular oxide is composed of (Nix,Fe1-x)Cr2O4 spinels. However, all grain boundaries (GBs) do not have the same oxidation behavior, and it has been reported that high angle grain boundaries show higher oxidation susceptibility than special grain boundaries. Radiation induced segregation at grain boundaries might also lead to higher susceptibility to intergranular oxidation. Irradiation also modifies the deformation mechanisms in austenitic steels resulting in strain localization which is believed to be an important factor in IASCC initiation as it can lead to local increase of the stress due to dislocation pile-ups at GB.

Available for download

Experimental Design Considerations for Exposure of Surrogate Fe in Assessing Atmospheric Corrosion in a Marine Environment

Product Number: 51324-21077-SG

Author: Alexander Johnson; Christine Sanders; Raymond Santucci; Sheri Stanke

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

A rigorous assessment of marine atmospheric corrosion at a controlled NRL test site in Key West Florida was conducted. Certain factors which have been previously implicated in the literature as controlling, or at least heavily influencing, the corrosion of engineering materials in atmospheric exposure were isolated and explored. In this study, low carbon steel witness coupons were exposed to assess atmospheric corrosion. In particular, the effect of steel alloy type, coupon width, location, and exposure condition were tested. Coupons were exposed under ambient condition, sprayed with sea water, or rinsed with clear water. Results were assessed in terms of steel mass loss. Several important findings relevant to experimental design of atmospheric corrosion were assessed. Coupons treated with sea water experienced substantially greater corrosion rates compared to coupons exposed ambiently. Samples rinsed with clear water experienced lesser corrosion rates compared to ambiently exposed samples. Furthermore, corrosion rate differed by location: coupons exposed closer to the salty ocean water experienced greater corrosion compared to ones exposed further inland. Coupons with a thinner width also had greater area-normalized corrosion compared to wider coupons. The results of this study will benefit the entire atmospheric corrosion community since it establishes what the best practices are for exposure.

Available for download

Experimental Evaluation Of Corrosion Modeling On Carbon Steel In Sub-Critical And Supercritical CO2 Environments

Product Number: 51321-16750-SG

Author: Chin-Hua “Jim” Cheng; Raymundo Case

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

Available for download

Experimental Evaluation of Water Transport Through Insulation

Product Number: 51319-13477-SG

Author: Jose Vera

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

A simple set-up and methodology was developed to semi-quantitatively measure water transport (liquid and vapor) through intact insulation and damaged insulation when a thermal gradient across the insulation is maintained. The main objective was to contribute to a better understanding of water transport mechanism in different insulation materials which can be related to corrosion under insulation (CUI). Most tests were conducted using polyurethane insulation and for comparison purposes few tests were conducted with mineral wool insulation.Results from this study indicated different time scales for the following main processes affecting the moisture content at the metal/insulation interface which illustrated a potentially effective approach for CUI mitigation:<ul><li>Water transport from the environment to the metal surface through intact insulation.</li><li>Water transport from the environment to the metal surface through damaged insulation.</li><li>Water transport out of the metal surface through the insulation.

Available for download

Experimental Investigation of Solid Particle Erosion for Long Radius Elbows in Gas-Solid Flow

Product Number: 51323-19099-SG

Author: Faris S. Bilal, Mazen M. Othayq, Asad Nadeem, Siamack A. Shirazi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Solid particle erosion is a significant challenge for the oil and gas industry, especially on pipeline fittings such as the elbow that change the flow direction. In the past few decades, most of the erosion investigations were done on standard elbows experimentally or numerically using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methodology. For example, Othayq et al. investigated two standard elbows in a series of 3-inch (76.2 mm) pipe diameters in gas-solid flow.

Available for download

Experimental Investigation on the Corrosion Rate of L80-1Cr Steel in Seawater and Formation Water From a North Sea Offshore Field in CO2 Atmosphere

Product Number: 51319-13061-SG

Author: Riccardo Rizzo

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

L80-1Cr is a common steel grade used in Oil & Gas applications as production tubing. This grade has been successfully employed in the industry for decades. However the used of injecting seawater (water flooding) as a mean of enhancing oil recovery significantly increases the risk of corrosion failure of the tubulars present in the well. When water is injected it will first displace the formation water already present in the reservoir which will enter in the production tubing together with the oil. With time the produced water chemistry will change from formation to seawater. Together with this other parameters like lower temperature and pH as a result of water flooding may have a significant impact on the corrosion resistance of tubing materials. Therefore the purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effect of the seawater and formation water on the corrosion behavior of L80-1Cr in an oil production environment. The composition of the two waters and the testing condition replicates the real field situations experienced by operators in the Danish sector of the North Sea. The effect of Ca2+ and temperature are evaluated. Experiments were carried out at ambient pressure in a three-electrode cell setup. The atmosphere constituted of pure CO2 at three different temperatures namely: 40˚C 60˚C and 80. Linear Polarization and potentiodynamic sweeps were used to investigate the electrochemical behavior. The corrosion products and precipitates were analyzed using XRD SEM-EDS. Calcium carbonate together with amorphous iron carbonate was the main product found on the surfaces and it made the deposit more porous and brittle and therefore less protective.

Available for download

Experimental Studies on the Stability of Highly Sour Corrosion Product Layers

Product Number: 51324-21028-SG

Author: Jon Kvarekvål ; Morten Tjelta

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The formation and long-term stability of corrosion product layers formed under sour service conditions with up to 30 bar H2S and 10 bar CO2 have been studied. Corrosion experiments were carried out in autoclaves with exposure times up to six months. The test solutions consisted of different brines with sodium chloride concentrations ranging from 0.1 g/L to 100 g/L. Temperatures were in the range of 15-120 oC. Both weight loss corrosion and localized corrosion data were obtained. 3D profilometry was used to obtain detailed data on pitting and localized corrosion morphology. The effects of the corrosion product layers, predominantly iron sulfides, on general and localized corrosion behavior are discussed on the background of existing literature.

Available for download

Experimental Study and Finite Element Modelling of the Cathodic Protection Influence on Parallel Pipelines During Maintenance Operations

Product Number: 51324-20713-SG

Author: Erwan Diler; Yves Zannier; Alexandre Billot; Flavien Vucko; Tiphaine Lutzler

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Dense buried pipelines network, such as in implemented in parallel, can be installed in different process and storage mills, such as geological gas and hydrocarbon storages. Their corrosion resistance is ensured by a combination of organic coating and cathodic protection (CP). For maintenance operation on a specific pipeline, the CP can be turned off for safety reasons. Thus, the operated pipeline can be affected by CP influence from other surrounding protected ones. This phenomenon is supported in the field by different pigging inspections, highlighting local corrosion induced by output stray current on coating defects. In the literature, many studies focused on CP influences by finite and/or boundary element modeling. However, usually the foreign structures considered (under influence) are limited to bare steel or fully coated pipeline. Moreover, most of these studies are not confronted with experimental works. To our knowledge, the actual influence between the different pipelines is not much documented in the literature and not quantified. In this study, an experiment consisting in 3.00 x 1.80 x 0.80 m sand tank, equipped with 4 full scale parallel pipelines, with 17 model defects were realized. The model defects reproduce uniformly degraded coating and local defects. The experimental work allows i) measuring the DC influence under different CP configurations, and ii) providing stray current data for finite element modelling (FEM). The FEM was performed in a two steps i) a CP distribution in terms of current demand and electric field on protected pipelines, and ii) application of this electric field to the foreign pipeline. The good agreement obtained allows a validation the proposed approach and globally assess the riskier scenario in terms of nature of the defect, applied CP and soil environment.

Conference Papers

NACE Conference Papers

SSPC Conference Papers

AMPP Conference Papers

Online Conference Paper

Individual Conference Papers

Expected Service Life and Cost Considerations for Maintenance and New Construction Protective Coating Work

Experiences with Coating Systems Selection for the World Trade Center Transportation Hub

Experimental and Numerical Erosion Pattern Study in a Pulverized Coal Injection Nozzle Geometry

Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Influence of Particle Sizes on Erosion of Elbows in Series in Gas-Solid and Multiphase Flow Conditions

Experimental Characterization of Grain Boundary Fracture Properties in a FeCr12Ni26Si3 Austenitic Stainless Steel Oxidized in PWR Environment

Experimental Design Considerations for Exposure of Surrogate Fe in Assessing Atmospheric Corrosion in a Marine Environment

Experimental Evaluation Of Corrosion Modeling On Carbon Steel In Sub-Critical And Supercritical CO2 Environments

Experimental Evaluation of Water Transport Through Insulation

Experimental Investigation of Solid Particle Erosion for Long Radius Elbows in Gas-Solid Flow

Experimental Investigation on the Corrosion Rate of L80-1Cr Steel in Seawater and Formation Water From a North Sea Offshore Field in CO2 Atmosphere

Experimental Studies on the Stability of Highly Sour Corrosion Product Layers

Experimental Study and Finite Element Modelling of the Cathodic Protection Influence on Parallel Pipelines During Maintenance Operations

Association for Materials Protection and Performance