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In the oil and gas industry sand production is a major cause of erosion which can badly affect production rates because of damage to surface and subsurface facilities and equipment such as pumps, valves, elbows and pipelines. In past few years, research work on sand production has been conducted in different ways including erosion prediction, and control and sand monitoring to prevent sand production and its damages to facilities. The continuous monitoring of sand in the flow stream is extremely useful to minimize erosion damage to the production facilities.
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Today I am going to share results from a research project on Throughput Optimization (TPO). The focus of which was on a small subset of innovation variables in the overall workflow of a tank fabrication company servicing the oil and gas market. The data subset is based exclusively on protective coatings for the interior and exterior of API 12 Production Storage Tanks.
Handling and transportation of finish coated steel from the fabrication shop to the project site is impacted by the length of time that the finish coat must dry. Known as shop-field throughput, a reduction in the dry time required prior to handling (without compromising performance), as well as a minimization of handling damage can greatly reduce project costs.
Have you ever wished for a 30 hour day? Surely the extra time would relieve the tremendous pressure under which we live. Our lives leave a trail of unfinished tasks… unanswered letters … unvisited friends … unwritten articles… and unread books haunt quiet moments when we stop to evaluate.
Pipeline and piping have been widely used for decades in the transportation of enormous kindsof fluids in diverse industries (e.g. oil and gas, chemical and power industries). During theconstruction phase of these pipelines, different sizes of pipes (ranging from 2" to 48" or more),elbows and piping are welded to meet the required design criteria and mechanical properties.With these in mind, a lot of factors must meticulously be considered to ensure that the finishedweld is suitable for use in all ramifications. This is done in accordance to set down codes andstandards to avoid the possibility of failure. Even though there has been destructive analysiscarried out on the welded joint to ascertain the required minimum mechanical properties, howeverscanty numerical and non-destructive analyses are usually performed in line with the establishedstandards. Therefore, this paper focused on the numerical (modal analysis using ANSYS R15.0explicit dynamic modeler) and non-destructive (TOFD: time of flight diffraction) analysis on a 4”butt welded pipe.The result from the numerical analysis clearly showed the effects of the discontinuities on thewelded joint where discontinuities exist as equally confirmed by the non-destructive inspection.These parts exhibited higher stress concentration as compared to other parts that do not haveany form of discontinuities and this relates to the fact that the presence of these discontinuitieswill accelerate the failure of the welded joint even though the applied stress at those points ismuch lower than the yield strength of the material.
The purpose of this study was to determine the actual service life of some commonly used bridge coating systems. A study authored by Gordon H. Brevoort and updated by KTA-Tator, Inc. in 1996 (1) provided a table of projected service life based largely on a survey of coating manufacturers. Are industry wide predictions of coating life accurate?
What is the cost of Tank Linings? Are we able to answer this properly, do we take into account all the factors, and do we see the main cost driver? It is a well known fact that time is money, and if we take into account the cost of being out of service or a delay in beginning operations then the cost of time is far greater than individual costs of producing equipment and coating them.
Among different form of anodic oxidation on titanium plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is recognized to produce oxide layers up to two orders of magnitude thicker that the ones produced by standard anodization. This treatment increases corrosion resistance in a variety of environments. However the micro-arcs produced during film growth induce nanoporosity in oxide film. This porosity limits oxide barrier effect and allows aggressive species to approach metallic titanium. In this work pulsed signal at different duty cycle values and different frequencies is applied to reduce the energy of each spark and create a smoother surface. The obtained samples are characterized for corrosion resistance in halides rich environment. Process parameters are optimized in order to achieve the best corrosion resistance for each given anodizing potential.
In the realm of new construction and maintenance lining projects, e.g., tank and vessel linings and pipelines, “productivity” has become a buzzword with applicators, owners, coating manufacturers and engineering companies. There can be a difficult balancing act to ensure so called “rapid productivity” is delivered and yet provide owners with the best net return on their investment.