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Regardless of the sophistication of the laboratory, the ability to determine the cause of a coating failure can depend on the type and quality of the samples. This paper discusses the type of samples needed and gives suggestions on how to obtain them.
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High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels are preferred for oil and gas pipelines due to their outstanding mechanical properties. Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) has been a major problem for the application of HSLA carbon steel because of the wet H2S environment which commonly presents in oil and gas industry. Several techniques are applied to the study of SSC of steels, including constant load test with smooth specimens and DCB testing.
The presence of trenches on low alloy steels (LAS) in sour environments at the open circuit potential (OCP) has been reported since 1977. Originally, they were classified as deep and elongated localized corrosion pits. Recently, many authors have referred to them as “stress-induced grooves.
Water jetting is frequently used as a surface preparation method mainly during maintenance. However, water-jetted surfaces are prone to the formation of flash rust in the time interval between surface preparation and coating application. The formation of flash rust increases with increasing temperature, relative humidity, and salt contamination concentration on the surface.
The influence of flow rate on corrosion behavior of X65 carbon steel in water-saturated supercritical CO2 phase containing 1000 ppmv H2S impurity was studied at 35 °C and 8 MPa from 0 m/s to 1.5 m/s. Weight loss tests showed that the general corrosion rate reached maximum at the flow rate of 1 m/s and then decreased with flow rate to 1.5 m/s. Turtle pattern corrosion morphology was observed on the sample surface when the flow rate exceeded 1 m/s. The corrosion product mainly consisted of FeCO3 and FeS and the average size of spherical corrosion product changed with flow rate. Besides the percentage composition of FeS presented the same change trend as the average size of spherical corrosion product. In supercritical CO2 phase wall shear stress was not big enough to cause mechanical damage on corrosion film but can affect the formation process and the characteristics of the corrosion film of X65 carbon steel.
The designer of industrial equipment and piping has three weapons in the fight against corrosionunder insulation (CUI). The first and primary defense against CUI is a high quality, immersiongrade coating. The second is a properly designed and installed weather barrier jacketing. The thirdand, arguably, least understood element is the choice of insulation material. This paper will explorethe ways in which insulation materials influence CUI behavior, presenting results from bothlaboratory and field-testing on seven industrial insulation materials and one composite system.The materials tested were calcium silicate, expanded perlite, cellular glass, mineral wool (bothregular and water-repellent grade), and two types of flexible aerogel blanket material -PyrogelXT and Cryogel Z
High strength carbon steel tensile wires confined in the annulus of flexible pipes might experience corrosion when the annulus is flooded with water, either due to outer sheath breaches or to condensation of water molecules permeating from the bore through the inner sheath. Carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules may also permeate from the bore and reach the annulus, where it dissolves into water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3).
The traditional contracting business operations utilize three distinct programs – Safety, Quality and Policy/Procedures. These programs are typically found in three distinct manuals – The Safety Manual, The Quality Manual, and the Policy/Procedure Manual. This paper suggests that a “process approach” in a standardized quality management system can be used to integrate the three programs.