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During crack growth and localized corrosion, fresh metal surfaces become exposed to the chemical and electrochemical environment. Subsequent alteration of the material in the nascent pit or at the crack tip zone will be initiated by the surface chemical processes that template the subsequent reactivity. Quantum chemical calculations can provide a physics-based method to simulate the adsorption phenomena that occur in systems possessing multiple chemical species (such as water, chloride, hydrogen-sulfide, inhibitors, etc.), various pH levels, temperatures and electrochemical conditions.
Aerospace Coatings is rapidly becoming more complex as a technical discipline. Professional certification of Aerospace Coatings Technicians, to an industry standard, is now possible and going forward, should not be regarded as optional for Aerospace Coatings operations.
Embarking on an exploration of intriguing coating failures, where sophisticated analytical techniques are used to dig deep within the coating, fascinating and unexpected discoveries can sometimes occur.
The use of a multi-system approach to cathodic protection is primarily driven by the increasing complexity of the types of structures, which are part of the common cathode in modern plants.
Traditionally cathodic protection systems and their designs were based on single cathode structures like cross country pipelines or individual tanks. As the technology matured CP was applied to a wider range of structures but usually the design philosophies adopted remained unchanged.
Hexavalent chromium is utilized for the purpose of providing corrosion inhibition on many DoD assets in the form of surface treatments and primers. However, hexavalent chromium is also a known carcinogen and environmental toxin. As a result, processes which involve the application of hexavalent chromium will likely face increased regulation in the future.
This discussion covers the research, development, and implementation of a truly paperless job-site documentation and quality control app, featuring examples of its application on four US Navy shipyards.
The decomposition process of ancient marine species in the seabed for millions of years coupled with the presence of specific geological conditions such as high pressures and temperatures led to the formation of what is known today as fossil fuels. For this reason, they can be found either on the earth's surface where ancient seas were located or beneath the seabed. Considering that the ocean covers three-quarters of the Earth's surface the offshore oil and natural gas exploration entail an enormous economic and strategic benefit.1
Carbon steels and low alloy steels have been used extensively in the oil and gas industry for many decades. The success of their applications in the energy sector is a balanced result of the materials affordability and operation needs in the fields. Producing H2S containing fluids remains a challenge for well integrity as no compromise is acceptable.
The Precipitation Hardenable Nickel alloys 925, 718, 945, 945X and 725 are widely used for critical downhole oil field applications such as high strength tubing hangers and completion equipment. The materials are particularly useful in High Pressure/High Temperature wells where high strength and corrosion resistance are required in H2S containing production fluids.
Figure 1 shows a graphical summary of environmental service limits for the application of precipitation hardened nickel alloys defined within the NACE/ISO standards.