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The corrosion process that causes metal degradation is natural. The metal and its structure corrode with time. The corrosion rate is usually faster in specific corrosive environments.
Polyurethane (PU) coatings have a wide demand in industry and are used for the protection of metal, concrete and wood structures. However, PU coatings face challenges in regard to circular economy concepts. Although waterborne solvent formulation techniques as well as naturally derived monomers are compatible with a circular economy, PU coatings possess a strong barrier. In this study, a series of PU coatings were prepared using water as the main solvent, and the polyol and chain extender monomers used were prepared from natural resources. The synthesized PU coating showed UV resistance, fire retardancy and corrosion protection. The exposed PU coating was collected and used with Portland cement.
Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)-phosphonium Sulfate (THPS) is a very common active ingredient in oil and gas biocides. While product labels provide broad guidelines application dosing the lowest effective dose of THPS is difficult to determine. Site water chemistry and bacteria biology variability will affect the dose need to achieve the desired level of bacteria population control. For these reasons biocide dose response studies are commonly conducted on solutions containing bacteria to determine the effect of treatments before application.
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Biomass, as a renewable energy source, can be converted into bio-oil (BO) via thermochemical conversion pathways. Among them, fast pyrolysis is the most common and the only industrially applied approach to convert dry biomass into BO. There are many advantages of using BO to replace traditional fossil fuels. For example, the amount of CO2 generated from biofuel combustion is close to that absorbed in raw biomass growth, leading to a net-zero carbon emission from energy production. BO combustion generates lower emissions of SOx and NOx compared to conventional fossil fuels.
This paper highlights a successful rehabilitation of a regulated steel line with flexible steel pipe. The pipeline resides under jurisdiction and was approved by both state and federal pipeline safety administrations. Upon completion, the rehabilitated system restored transmission while also reducing overall operating risk. Use of the flexible steel pipe allowed the operator to utilize a dual-containment design while also implementing real-time continuous annulus monitoring on multiple interfaces, effectively reducing risk to environment and local residents.