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Biofuels: Lining Systems for a Diverse Array of Sustainably Derived Feedstocks

Picture for Biofuels: Lining Systems for a Diverse Array of Sustainably Derived Feedstocks
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A biofuel can be described as any fuel where bio-based renewables like oils and fats, organic waste, crops like corn or sugar cane, and algae, etc., are used as precursor feedstocks.


Increasingly, the production of biofuels from biomass is very much part of a global impetus for an energy transition to a “carbon neutral” world. The goal is to reduce the carbon footprint and ensure that sustainable energy from bio-based feedstocks realistically lowers reliance on energy produced from fossil fuels.

Product Number: 51323-19061-SG
Author: Mike O’Donoghue, Vijay Datta
Publication Date: 2023
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In the world of renewable energy technologies that include biomass, geothermal, hydropower, solar and wind, biofuels afford mankind a hydrocarbon-to -carbohydrate energy transition route to “grow oil” and lower global energy dependence on fossil fuels.


With a focus on the protective coatings industry, technical challenges and lessons learned are reviewed with respect to renewable feedstocks used to make biofuels. To achieve long-term corrosion protection in the vapor space and immersed zones of above ground storage tanks, the “attack molecules” of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the feedstocks are discussed in light of the “defense molecules” of single coat, or multi-coat, epoxy or vinyl ester linings. Modes of lining failures are outlined.


The results of accelerated laboratory testing of epoxy and vinyl ester linings are presented. The ramifications of chemical composition, temperature, and water content of feedstocks on high performance lining performance is discussed.
Functional specifications for judiciously selected linings are proposed for the biofuel industry for renewable feedstock storage, handling and shipment in both maintenance and new construction projects.

In the world of renewable energy technologies that include biomass, geothermal, hydropower, solar and wind, biofuels afford mankind a hydrocarbon-to -carbohydrate energy transition route to “grow oil” and lower global energy dependence on fossil fuels.


With a focus on the protective coatings industry, technical challenges and lessons learned are reviewed with respect to renewable feedstocks used to make biofuels. To achieve long-term corrosion protection in the vapor space and immersed zones of above ground storage tanks, the “attack molecules” of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the feedstocks are discussed in light of the “defense molecules” of single coat, or multi-coat, epoxy or vinyl ester linings. Modes of lining failures are outlined.


The results of accelerated laboratory testing of epoxy and vinyl ester linings are presented. The ramifications of chemical composition, temperature, and water content of feedstocks on high performance lining performance is discussed.
Functional specifications for judiciously selected linings are proposed for the biofuel industry for renewable feedstock storage, handling and shipment in both maintenance and new construction projects.

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Materials Compatibility Issues in Biofuels – A Review

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The storage and transportation of biofuels continue to be of interest. Material compatibility issues arise. For alcohol fuels, stress corrosion cracking of steels, and swelling and leaching of various polymeric materials. This paper will provide an overview of research that has been conducted in alcohol fuels.

 
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As governments around the world seek to promote the adoption of lower-carbon fuels, credits are available for fuels which satisfy various low-carbon or renewable fuels standards.  In the United States, the most common standards discussed include California’s Low Carbon Fuels Standard1 and the US EPA’s Renewable Fuel Standard2. These standards define the acceptable methods (called pathways) for conversion of renewable feeds into consumer fuel products. In order for a producer to be eligible for credits, one of the acceptable pathways must be used. The most common pathway presently being used or considered by most facilities is hydrotreating.
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