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Biofuel Tank Lining- From Lab to the Field Journey

Product Number: 51324-20722-SG

Author: Steve Liebhart; Ravi Nagarajan; Pedro Escudero

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The unprecedented growth in the use of bio-based feedstocks in the Oil and Gas industry has led to several research efforts on the part of coating manufacturers to determine best options for the lining of feedstock storage tanks. While a few technologies have emerged as good, better, and best candidates to withstand the chemical exposure and storage temperature of the feedstocks, their application requirements for application conditions vary widely. Given the geographical locations of the facilities that are involved in the production of biofuels, the site environmental conditions make some of the lining options less practical than others for the application of the selected technologies. This paper will screen coatings with different physical properties to support the initial selection process. The results of the tested technologies discuss the preselection of linings for various feedstocks for short term storage. The R & D has been scaled up at different part of the world to mitigate corrosion in Biofuels markets. Due to significant growth in bio fuels the raw feed stock supply options keep growing from standard vegetable seed oils and animal fat to remaining agricultural waste, other animal wastes, municipal wastes etc. This increases the unknown variables in the process causing corrosion and solutions to mitigate. These waste to fuel category is attracting diversified feed stocks in offering from the new market. The findings to adopt the fit for purpose approach is aimed in tooling owners and operators in the journey.

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Biofuels: Lining Systems for a Diverse Array of Sustainably Derived Feedstocks

Product Number: 51323-19061-SG

Author: Mike O’Donoghue, Vijay Datta

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

A biofuel can be described as any fuel where bio-based renewables like oils and fats, organic waste, crops like corn or sugar cane, and algae, etc., are used as precursor feedstocks.

Increasingly, the production of biofuels from biomass is very much part of a global impetus for an energy transition to a “carbon neutral” world. The goal is to reduce the carbon footprint and ensure that sustainable energy from bio-based feedstocks realistically lowers reliance on energy produced from fossil fuels.

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Boiler And Fired Heater's Real-Time Creep Life Prediction

Product Number: 51323-19571-SG

Author: Ts. Hashim Othman, Ir. Ts. Hambali Chik, Nurul Hana Kamaruzaman

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Creep is a continuous degradation of metal under applied stress at high temperature with critical factors of temperature, stress, type of material and exposure time. Most of our steam boilers and fired heaters tubes are operating within or sometimes operated slightly above the creep threshold temperature with an inherent potential risk of stress rupture if not being monitored properly. Traditionally, degradation rates (i.e., creep damage) of these components can only be assessed during shutdown through non-destructive testing (NDT) to determine the metallurgical conditions upon exposure to elevated temperatures.

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Brake Pads: Effect Of Galvanic Current On The Corrodibility Of Friction Materials And Backplates

Product Number: 51322-17926-SG

Author: Marco Bandiera, Arianna Pavesi, Fabio Manzoni, Bozhena Tsyupa, Andrea Bonfanti, Alessandro Mancini, Federico Bertasi

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The brake system is a core component of cars, motorbikes, bikes, airplanes etc.. Its main task is to modulate the speed of moving vehicles by converting the kinetic energy into heat.^1,2 In the case of modern cars or motorbikes, the speed modulation can be performed by using the so-called disc-brake system.^1,2,3,4,5,6 This generates the braking torque by forcing two brake pads against a disc by the means of a caliper.^2,3,5,6 In the case of cars, the disc and the caliper are enclosed within each wheel and, as a consequence, can be exposed to corrosion phenomena, mostly related with atmospheric or environmental conditions.^1,3,7,8

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Break Reduction/Life Extension for Municipal Water Pipelines

Product Number: 51324-20658-SG

Author: Erin Nelson; Ed Richey

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

A 2018 study by Utah State University indicated that the condition of North America’s water infrastructure is in a state of steady decline. That research determined that the water main break rate increased 27% for the 6-year period between 2012-2018, with over 80% of the cast iron pipelines currently in service being over 50 years old. Referenced statistics indicate there has been an average of 14 leaks per 100 miles of operating pipeline, and that each mile of pipeline serves approximately 300 consumers. Further increases in the water main leak rate represent a major disruption in reliable water supply to a large population. Excluding third-party damage, metal loss because of corrosion is the most common cause of premature failure and leakage of buried pipelines. Corrosion is a predictable process, whereas third-party damage is random in nature. Methodologies have been developed over the past few decades to identify anomalies and areas susceptible to active corrosion on underground pipelines. Using the data from these analytics, it is possible to implement local corrosion control to rapidly decrease the water main break rate. A methodology has been developed and applied to drive this process in a systematic approach. Break Reduction/Life Extension (BRLE) is a proactive engineering program developed to: · Reduce the number of future breaks on water system piping · Extend the operational life of existing water system piping Using a combination of factors, such as pipeline age, materials type and break history, with the data gathered in the field, it is possible to identify activities to initiate measures to reduce the water main break rate. This paper will present details on the BRLE methodology and provide data from case studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.

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Bridge Coating Maintenance Strategies

Product Number: 51322-18061-SG

Author: Eric Shoyer, Nick Fabritiis, Pete Ault, Peter McDonagh

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

When it comes to a bridge structure with a serviceable Organic Zinc / Epoxy / Urethane (OZ/E/U) coating system, there is no golden answer on the most cost-effective maintenance painting strategy. Depending on the severity and amount of corrosion and coating breakdown on the structure, planned maintenance surface preparations range from spot power tool cleaning and spot painting to a full SSPC-SP 10 media blast and full recoating operation.

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Building an Oil and Water Partitioning Model for Corrosion Inhibitor Dosage Based on Novel Residual Technique

Product Number: 51323-19205-SG

Author: Peng Jin, Tracey Jackson, Haitao Fang, Lei Huang, Gaoxiang Wu, Ramsey Smith, Yao Xiong, Renita Nnoli

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

In the production of oil and gas, corrosion inhibitor (CI) is usually dosed into multiphase flows (oil/water/gas). The partitioning behavior of CI among the different phases is a critical factor for a successful application. Unreliable measurement of CI residuals can lead to inaccurate dosing, overtreatment, and higher operating costs.

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Bulk Anode Advancements in Sacrificial Cathodic Protection Jackets

Product Number: 51323-19161-SG

Author: Matt Miltenberger, Sameer Telang, Jason Chodachek

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Zinc Tidal CP jackets have been utilized to protect the splash zone of steel reinforced concrete piles against aggressive corrosion due to seawater exposure since the mid 1990’s. Galvanic CP jackets are installed on piles in the splash zone and provide galvanic current to the jacketed areas (Figure 1). The submerged portion of the pile that extends below the jacket is always exposed to seawater.

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Burlington Skyway Electrochemical Chloride Extraction – 30 Years Later

Product Number: 51322-17664-SG

Author: David Whitmore, Chris Ball

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

This paper provides an overview of the electrochemical passivation process, history of the Burlington
Skyway, description of the installation process, treatment results and up to 30 years of monitoring
results for the structure.

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Calcareous Deposition On Thermally Sprayed Aluminium Surfaces

Product Number: 51322-17798-SG

Author: Edgar Hornus, Francisco Vouilloz, Yu Long, Mobin Salasi, Mariano Iannuzzi, Kjetil Andersen, Ola Krosness, Mike King, Roy Johnsen

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In the oil and gas industry, thermally sprayed aluminum (TSA) coatings are commonly used, primarily, to reduce anode demand in cathodic protection systems and impart some degree of sacrificial protection in the topsides and splash zone areas. The use of TSA coatings has advantages in systems where long service life is required. TSA coatings are also used to reduce the formation of calcareous deposits, normally a combination of CaCO₃ and Mg(OH)₂, on heat exchanger piping.

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Calcite Formation and Inhibition Under CO2 Corrosion Environment

Product Number: 51323-19227-SG

Author: Wei Li, Xin Wang, Yuqing Ye, Amy Kan, Mason Tomson

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Metal-carbonate scales are a double-edged sword for upstream oil and gas production engineering. On one hand, many of these scales can lead to serious setbacks if untreated, such as production interruption. One common example is calcite scale deposition on production tubing.

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Can Electrochemical Charging Replace Hydrogen Gas Charging During Hydrogen Embrittlement Testing?

Product Number: 51324-20712-SG

Author: Erik Koren; Roy Johnsen; Dong Wang; Cataslina H.M. Hagen; Anette B. Hagen; Bård Nyhus; Antonio Alvaro; Hisao Matsunaga

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This paper presents the output from a study with the aim to correlate hydrogen gas charging and electrochemical charging for a X65 pipeline steel. The hydrogen uptake and diffusivity were evaluated via the permeation technique by employing both hydrogen gas charging and electrochemical charging. The effective diffusion coefficient, Deff, was determined by partial transients. The sub-surface hydrogen concentration, C0R, was then employed to determine the equivalent hydrogen pressure, pH2eq, of electrochemical charging conditions. In parallel, a permeation cell consisting of two membranes with thickness 6 mm welded together with a narrow gap in between was built. This unit was exposed to equal cathodic polarization conditions as the electrochemical permeation cell. The equilibrium pressure in the gap was measured and compared to the calculated hydrogen pressure from the gas permeation test with good correlation. Finally, an initial evaluation through toughness tests with the same X65 material executed in i) hydrogen gas and ii) electrolytic charging at equivalent hydrogen concentrations, gave promising results concerning the correctness of the correlation between the two hydrogen sources.

AMPP Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance