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Horizontal directional drills (HDD) have become an essential pipeline construction tool for crossing spans of the right of way with obstructions such as wetlands, rivers and streams, railroads, roads, businesses, and high consequence areas (HCA). This trenchless technology allows a pipeline to be installed without open cutting the ground. Prior to any construction, geological surveys with core samples are performed to determine the optimum route for the HDD (Figure 1).
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Transportation of energy carriers (not only oil & gas, but also hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, heating fluids) and carbon dioxide requires the use of extensive pipeline networks that are usually built in metallic materials which are subject to material degradation. Carbon steel being the most prevalent due to its properties, availability, cost, and references. Carbon steel as well as other metallic materials suffer from corrosion processes.
For many corrosion-resistant alloys (CRA´s), crevice corrosion under gaskets, paint or O-rings required to define the exposed area and avoid solution contact with electrical connections interferes with measurements of the critical pitting potential (EPIT). This undesired and uncontrolled crevice corrosion occurs at a lower potential than the one for the onset of pitting corrosion. Many approaches have been used to avoid this artifact.
For many years coatings based on methyl/phenyl silicone resins have proven to be one of the most effective and reliable products within the high heat and protective coatings segments. Their inorganic characters along with the methyl/phenyl modification provide outstanding long term thermal stability, attractive corrosion protection, weather resistance and good mechanical properties. In general, silicone resins for high heat applications can be categorized into two sub-groups: i) oven curing and ii) ambient temperature curing systems.In the case of typical oven cured silicone
There is a critical need to mitigate undesirable fouling of seawater-based titanium heat exchangers (HEs) used in US Navy vessels. Heat exchangers are widely used in Navy ships to cool operating fluids and gases, and seawater is the preferred cooling medium since it is readily available. However, fouling will form while ocean water circulates through the heat exchanger tubes or plates, decreasing the heat transfer efficiency and increasing fluid resistance.
The condensation of acidic species from vapor to liquid occurs when the system is cooled to or below the dew point temperature. Such condensation leads to extremely aggressive corrosion that is referred to as acid dew point corrosion. Some also refer to this corrosion as low temperature corrosion or cold corrosion.
Simulation and modeling of corrosion processes is an area of research that has seen significant growthin recent decades, with technological advancements drastically reducing the time required to solve theequations that underpin real-world physics. Predicting the behavior of a system computationally, whendone accurately, provides great benefit complementing experimental testing to further explain what ishappening within the corrosion process. There have therefore been multiple predictive models producedover the years to achieve this aim. Within the realm of carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion, Kahyarian et al.
It is well known that the hydrodynamics of fluid flow directly influences the corrosion process, as shownin various experiments utilizing rotating electrodes and flow loops to measure corrosion withinturbulent flow. However, when fluid is flowing through a pipe, there is a phenomenon known as the ‘noslipcondition’ which causes the velocity of the fluid to tend to zero as it reaches the wall. For straightpipe flow, this follows the ‘universal law of the wall’ (Figure 1) which separates flow into 3 domains: fullyturbulent flow, the buffer layer, and the viscous sublayer (also known as the boundary layer) which is thebeing modelled here.
Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) is the largest producer of water by its different water desalination plants distributed around the kingdom. In SWCC above storage tanks (ASTs) have the capacity to store 140,000 m3 of produced water. Most tanks are commissioned more than 20 years and have worked properly with minor observations on their performance. Mostly SWCC tanks are made of carbon steel and internally protected with a two - components epoxy coating as a passive method and cathodic protection as an active method.
API (American Petroleum Institute) tracks and analyzes the cause of leaks / releases of hydrocarbons based on data reported to PHMSA (Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration). One study took a statistical look at the causes of internal corrosion for onshore liquid pipelines. In a 10-year period, a total of 503 incidents were responsible for 53,000 barrels spilled and property damage of $188,000,000.
Over the past twenty years, additive manufacturing (AM) has gradually emerged as an important commercial manufacturing technology for the production of components, particularly complex and highvalue metallic components. AM enables the layer-by-layer rapid manufacturing of near-net shapes using 3D computer-aided design data and typically minimizes raw-material wastes.
Corrosive environmental media may lead to a significant degradation of the mechanical properties of the materials. Individual experimental investigation and analysis concepts are available at the Institute of General and Analytical Chemistry for the evaluation of different materials under pressurized hydrogen. Hydrogen technologies will enable decarbonization.