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The intention of this work is to pose epistemic questions about corrosion measurement, statistical inference, and the role of machine learning in predicting corrosion growth. The audience of this work is practitioners implementing inferential algorithms or tools for corrosion prediction. In this work, an algorithm consists of a process for estimating the presence and severity of corrosion.
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Hydrogen is considered an alternative energy source for fossil fuels, and consequently the requirements for materials used in hydrogen applications have been increased. These materials need to have high resistance against hydrogen embrittlement (HE). HE, that affects several metallic materials, is a complex phenomenon characterized by a degradation of the mechanical properties, in particular ductility.
A gas injection well completed mid-2019, started leaking after only approximately four months in service. The well was initially back flowed for a period of approximately two months before it was put on gas injection service. After another two months on gas injection, a tubing-to-annulus leakage was registered and the well had to be shut in to re-establish all barriers.
Stainless steels have been used for a wide range of applications in seawater. They are known to be susceptible to localized corrosion under given conditions. This is often the limiting factor for the use of stainless steels for seawater applications.
Among the techniques disseminated in the industry to protect carbon steel pipelines against internal corrosion, the use of corrosion inhibitors (CIs) is one of the most common. Organic compounds containing nitrogen are commonly employed in the petroleum industry to decrease corrosion rates. The high inhibition efficiency can be attributed to adsorption capacity on the metallic surface, creating a protective film that interferes with the electrochemical reactions involved in the corrosion processes.
The crystallization of sparingly soluble salt in multiphase system, involving mixing between oil and water fractions, is one of the major challenges encountered by the petroleum industry. The kinetics of scale formation in the bulk of the fluid in the presence of the oil phase is very important and has received little attention. Most of the studies that focused on dealing with the challenges of scale formation in the oil and gas industry have been directed towards the understanding, predictions and treatment based on results from single phase brine solution.
When dealing with the risk of Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) of Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) as casings and tubings, two main approaches are: either the determination of the threshold stress on a smooth tensile specimen (NACE TM0177 Method A) or the fracture toughness KISSC on a Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) specimen (NACE TM0177 Method D).Relevance of KISSC for predicting the behavior of real pipes in service has been assessed in the frame of API PRAC project Phase II.1 Hollow tensile specimens sampled in the wall of sour service seamless pipes were exposed to sour environments either on Inner Diameter (ID), Outer Diameter (OD) or both and subjected to a tensile loading (see also references
Corrosion is a universal challenge for metal structures. Metal, due to its natural strength, is a common choice for building materials yet sensitive to the environment it is placed in, requiring mitigating actions to ensure proper lifecycle. Coatings are utilized as the primary defense against corrosion; the type based on substrate material and environment.
Equipment can have an important impact on the production at a refinery, petrochemical, or chemical plant. Change of equipment will often have a negative impact since it can disrupt the production with shutdowns, which will lead to production losses. In the long term, these short lifetimes for the equipment will cause many shutdowns, which will give a higher production cost. One example of equipment is the shell-and-tube heat exchanger.
Mineral wool has been widely used for several decades as the primary thermal insulation on piping and equipment to save energy, protect personnel, and reduce emissions. The products have been favored because they are non-combustible, cost effective, provide excellent (and reliable) thermal performance and are safe, easy, and efficient to install.
Over the years there have been several different corrosion modelling software packages developed to provide predicted (estimated) corrosion rates for use in the oil & gas industries. Many are based on the original work of DeWaard & Milliams which provided a best-fit statistical model to corrosion rates measured in flow loop laboratory tests conducted at the IFE (Institutt For Energiteknikk) in Norway ; covering (initially) just partial pressure of CO2, temperature, liquid flow velocity and pH (typically as bicarbonate and dissolved CO2).