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There are hundreds of kilometers of above-ground carbon steel pipelines located in 32 in-situ oilsands facilities operated by 18 producers in Alberta Canada, with a total thermal oilsands capacity (operating) of 1.8 million barrels per day. A typical in-situ oilsands operation is for recovering bitumen located 75 meters or more below the surface, by the injection of steam.
Fracture surface morphology is useful in determining the mechanisms involved in cracking. Features in the fracture surface of steel like micro-void coalescence or dimples are often related to ductile crack mode, while features like cleavage, and rock-candy showing grain boundary cracking are commonly related to brittle crack mode. Some fracture surface may have a predominant feature, while others may have presence of mixed features. Types of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) are commonly identified by the features present in the fracture surface. Features showing transgranular quasi-cleavage cracking are often related to near-neutral pH SCC, while features that show rock-candy intergranular cracking are often related to high-pH SCC [1].