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Geothermal energy has been an integral part of the renewable energy mix for several decades. The total installed geothermal power generation capacity by the end of 2021 was 15,854 MW. Despite the challenges imposed by the pandemic, new capability was developed, and capacity was added in several countries. The capacity was increased by 246 MW from the figure in 2020.4
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The Hanford Site stores over 50 million gallons (190 million liters) of legacy nuclear process waste that was generated from plutonium separations and waste management processes. This waste, in the form of supernatant liquids, saltcakes, and sludges is contained in large underground storage tanks, up to a million gallons (3.78 million liters) in capacity and lined with carbon steel. The waste was made highly alkaline to ensure passivation of the carbon steel, but it also contains nitrate, in high concentrations, along with fluoride and chloride that poses risks for stress corrosion cracking and pitting corrosion.
Internal corrosion is a serious concern for the oil and natural gas pipeline industry, and it can negatively impact the integrity of infrastructure necessary for production, transportation, and storage of these volatile energy media. The natural gas delivery system in the U.S. includes 528,000 km (328,000 miles) of transmission and gathering pipelines. Over the past 30 years, corrosion has caused ~25% of incidents in natural gas transmission and gathering pipelines, and 61% of these incidents related to corrosion were caused by internal corrosion.
Once polymers are used reliably in a specific service, they become the material of choice due to their cost effectiveness. However, to choose and apply polymers dependably, one must consider their unique properties – they are different from the metals we use industrially. Through various examples of damaged and failed parts, this paper illustrates fundamental information about choosing, using, and keeping polymers in service. Polymers are subject to permeation, oxidation, aging, fatigue, installation damage, and other damage.
Management and operating teams, across all industries, but especially inside asset management organizations, must increasingly rely on data-driven assessment and analytics for decision making. Clearly, inefficiency and ineffectiveness associated with manual or poorly optimized business processes and fragmented business management Infrastructures is a barrier to formulating the safest, most efficient and cost effective asset management and operational decisions. According to Deloitte’s digital maturity analysis, the midstream industry and specially the pipeline sector is in its lowest stages of digital adoption (first 20-30% progress).
For each sample project, the service environment (i.e. exposure conditions) and anticipated maintenance painting sequence needs to be defined. The service environments correspond to ISO 12944-2, “Classification of Environments.” The referenced paper (referred to as the Paper) presents a sequence for typical maintenance painting.
This sequence includes the follow steps:
Original PaintingSpot Touch-Up and Repair (1 or 2 cycles)Maintenance Repaint [spot prime and full coat] (1 or 2 cycles)Full Repaint [total coating removal and replacement]
Becht is among multiple engineering groups which has developed a practical model to continue giving owner-operators higher confidence by extending HTHA assessment methodologies to be more quantitative using decades of development from the literature. This model has incorporated a well-established analytical damage model that can produce time-based Nelson Curves for carbon steel and C-0.5Mo materials, based on the temperature, hydrogen partial pressure and applied stresses.
The key to any quantitative model is managing the input parameters and validation of input data.
In Corrosion/2021, the authors introduced a molecular mechanistic model that quantifies and predicts SNAPS corrosion rates. During Corrosion/2022, we presented the mechanistic corrosion prediction framework describing the molecular basis of the model’s reactions, kinetics, and mass transport of ROSC to vessel walls. In this molecular model, sulfidation corrosion is calculated for direct heterolytic reaction of ROSC with solid surfaces.
Organic coatings are the most used method of corrosion prevention and protection of metallic substratesin many industries. Owners in both the public and private sectors will invest significant resources intotesting coating options to provide the best protection for new and existing products or infrastructure.Often, this testing defaults to some variation of accelerated salt spray testing or outdoor marine exposurewith results being based on aspects such as visual measurements of rust through, corrosioncreepage/undercutting, and blistering.
Managing external corrosion, especially for underground assets, is a significant challenge dating back to the first underground pipeline in 1865. The very first issue of the journal, CORROSION, featured a headline story on this subject. This subject is fundamental for corrosion engineers and pipeline operators.
Biocides are used in hydraulic fracturing operations to control the growth of contaminant microorganisms that lead to corrosion, souring, and conductivity loss.1,2 A variety of biocides are utilized and can be classified by mechanism of action, speed of kill, and the length of residual activity.In general, rapid-acting biocides such as chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and DBNPA (2,2-dibromo-3- nitrilopropionamide) inactivate bacteria quickly but have little to no residual activity. Glutaraldehyde (Glut) reacts more slowly and provides some residual activity, particularly at lower wellbore or reservoir temperatures.
Metal loss due to corrosion is a universal phenomenon in refineries which could in turn cause leakage or explosion if not well monitored. There are several units in a refinery such as crude distillation unit, hydro-processing unit, acid alkylation unit, etc. In each unit, there are hundreds of pressure vessels which have different potential damage mechanisms. Hence, it’s critical to establish an effective and efficient way to monitor thickness changing behavior.