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As onshore pipeline rights-of-way become more congested and urban sprawl increases, the number of horizontal directional drills (HDDs) will likely increase. HDD is a trenchless pipeline installation method that requires drilling a larger pilot hole where the mainline pipe can be subsequently pulled through the drilled hole. However, HDDs have an increased probability for coating damage, even when coated with traditional mill or field applied abrasion resistant overcoat (ARO). This coating damage includes abrasion, impact, gouging, denting, tearing, bending, etc. and that damage may exist for the life of the pipeline due to an HDD being inaccessible for future maintenance.
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As known, ISO 15589-1 and SP0169 protection criteria refers to IR-Free potentials values to be met by applying cathodic protection to limit corrosion rate and, at the same time, to avoid overprotection: in this respect, according to the type of currents influencing the metallic structure, European standard EN 13509 proposes different measurement techniques for measuring IR Free potential.
Hydrogen Reformer or so-called Steam Methane Reformer (SMR) is an important equipment to produce hydrogen or synthesis gas for refineries, petrochemical and fertilizer plants. It is basically a fired heater component that consists of four main sections which are radiant section, convection section, transition duct and stack.1 The configuration and general arrangement of SMR varies from different designers.
Composite repair systems’ performance relies heavily on the levels of adhesion between the initial layer of the composite system and the substrate. Enhanced adhesion translates to improved performance of the composite system since better bonding (whether mechanical or chemical) enhances the load transfer from the substrate to the composite layers as well as limit the porosity that would allow liquid or gas molecules to flow through. The aim of this study was to prove quantitatively how the APS atmospheric plasma surface preparation can improve the performance of composite repair systems whether on leaking or nonleaking defects.