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Some of many hundreds of miles of prestressed pipe installed in the late 1960’sand 1970’s have failed due to corrosion of the prestressing wire. Is it safe to follow conventional CP protection guidelines? Should the protection criteria be selected by age and condition of the pipeline, physical and mechanical properties of the wire, and the environmental conditions surrounding the pipeline?
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A life cycle cost assessment led to the selection of DSS for field gas gathering network composing of more than 200 miles of pipelines. Buried portions are provided with external coating. Furthermore, due to high chloride content in the soils, the external corrosion threat was mitigated through the use of an external coating supplemented with CP.
As there was no industrial reference covering onshore DSS pipeline CP criteria, lab testing was conducted to establish the criteria and confirm if the risk of hydrogen embrittlement is managed appropriately. This is further evaluated with field data to confirm pipelines integrity.
Hydrogen gas (H2) is touted for potential as future fuel as it could be a way to convert excess energy produced when demand is lower. Depending on the source of excess energy used for conversion to Hydrogen this process could have low or no carbon footprint. This Hydrogen gas could then be stored and used for electricity, transportation, chemical processes when the demand arises similar to how natural gas is being used currently. Thus, storage of Hydrogen in vast volumes would be one of the key elements for the success of Hydrogen as a future fuel
A 9-5/8 inch (244.8 mm) Tubing Retrievable Safety Valve (TRSV), which is a type of Sub Surface Safety Valve (SSSV) governed by API Specification 14A, was found to have failed when retrieved during workover operations in a gas production well in June 2019. This TRSV was installed in the well in November 2013 and was in production service from 2015 until November 2018 when the well was shut in for maintenance of surface equipment. In March 2019, with the well still shut in for maintenance, a rapid increase in the tubing-casing annulus (TCA) pressure was observed.
Governments and energy companies are increasingly looking at hydrogen as an alternative to fossil fuels, and it is considered that without hydrogen the world cannot aim to be a net zero carbon economy by 2050. Consequently, hydrogen is currently enjoying unprecedented political and business momentum, with the number of policies and projects around the world expanding rapidly. Combustion of hydrogen does not produce greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, particulates, sulfur oxides or ground level ozone. Thus, hydrogen offers ways to decarbonize a range of sectors, as well as help improve air quality and strengthen energy security.