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Picture for Oxidation Kinetics of Cast Alumina-Forming Austenitic Alloys in Steam
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51317--9785-Oxidation Kinetics of Cast Alumina-Forming Austenitic Alloys in Steam

Product Number: 51317--9785-SG
ISBN: 9785 2017 CP
Author: Benjamin Church
Publication Date: 2017
$20.00

Alloy tubes used in petrochemical processing reactor systems are often subjected to oxidizing conditions in high temperature steam such as during de-coking cycles. A new class of heat resistant austenitic cast alloys are being developed that are designed to form protective oxides of alumina.
Cobalt/Chromium Carbide Composite Coatings Applied by Brush Plating for Use as an Alternative to Hard Chrome
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Cobalt/Chromium Carbide Composite Coatings Applied By Brush Plating For Use As An Alternative To Hard Chrome

Product Number: 51322-18228-SG
Author: Joshua D. Thomas, Danijela Milosevic-Popovich
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

In the war on corrosion and wear, maintenance repair engineers will be hard pressed to find a plating material as strong as chrome. It has high hardness, high lubricity, low wear resistance, and maintains some of its hardness even after being exposed to high temperatures.  However, there’s increasing pressure to find an alternative to this material due to the worker safety and environmental issues it presents.  Regularly, hard chrome is electroplated where it is needed using a plating solution containing chromium trioxide.  Chromium trioxide is registered with both REACH(1) and the EPA(2) as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. 
Picture for Early Stage Oxide Films On Metallic Alloys
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Early Stage Oxide Films On Metallic Alloys

Product Number: 51321-16944-SG
Author: Jacob Norman; Jaymn Singh; Jordyn Park; Matthew Irwin; Vilupanur Ravi
Publication Date: 2021
$20.00
Picture for Failure Analysis of High Temperature Plate Heat Exchangers in Converter Section of Sulfuric Acid Regeneration [SAR] Unit
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Failure Analysis of High Temperature Plate Heat Exchangers in Converter Section of Sulfuric Acid Regeneration [SAR] Unit

Product Number: 51323-19420-SG
Author: Sudharsanan Soundararajan
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

A Sulfuric Acid Alkylation [SAA] unit in a refinery converts olefins and butane to high octane alkylate using highly concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The function of this Sulfuric Acid Regeneration [SAR] unit is to regenerate spent sulfuric acid from alkylation process into clean sulfuric acid of 99.2% concentration, which is then recycled back into the SAA unit. The process of SAR can be classified in to following four steps:


• Formation of SO2 by the decomposition of Spent acid and combustion of H2S.
• Cooling and Purification of the SO2
• Conversion of SO2 to SO3
• Absorption of SO2 in H2SO4
Picture for Influence of Pb and Cl in Waste Wood Fuel on Furnace Wall Corrosion of Low Alloyed Steel and Alloy 625
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Influence of Pb and Cl in Waste Wood Fuel on Furnace Wall Corrosion of Low Alloyed Steel and Alloy 625

Product Number: 51324-21033-SG
Author: Annika Talus; Rikard Norling; Alice Moya Núñez
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Firing waste wood in thermal power plants can lead to furnace wall corrosion due to corrosive elements such as chlorine, heavy metals, and alkali metals present in the fuel. This study investigates the influence of lead and chlorine on furnace wall corrosion of a low alloyed steel (16Mo3) and a nickel-based alloy (Alloy 625) during two field exposures using an air-cooled probe. Two two-week long test campaigns firing two different waste wood fuels (higher and lower lead and chlorine content) were carried out, exposing samples having metal temperatures in the interval 350-400 °C. The corrosion rates were determined using thickness loss measurements. The samples were examined using SEM/EDS/WDS and XRD techniques, to characterize the morphology and composition of the corrosion products. The findings suggest that higher lead and chlorine content in the fuel results in a higher corrosion rate for both materials; aggravated further above 370 °C. On 16Mo3 samples, iron oxides and chlorides, and chlorine-rich compounds are observed. Pits are observed on Alloy 625 samples, filled with nickel- and chromium-containing oxides mixed with corrosive species. The presence of lead compounds (e.g. lead molybdate) in connection to pits suggests active participation of lead in the corrosion process above 370 °C.
Picture for Mechanistic Insights into Refinery Sulfidation Corrosion
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Mechanistic Insights into Refinery Sulfidation Corrosion

Product Number: 51323-19107-SG
Author: Ishan Patel, Gheorghe Bota, David Young
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

High temperature sulfidation (or sulfidic) corrosion of steel by sulfur species in crude oil has long been known to damage refinery equipment. Corrosion engineers have been using prediction curves derived from field corrosion data to estimate rates of sulfidation corrosion. However, a significant inaccuracy is often encountered in these estimations because of the extensive diversity in molecular structures of sulfur compounds in crude oils.
Picture for Oxidation Reactivity of Heat-Resistant Alloys Exposed in Wet Air at 900°C
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Oxidation Reactivity of Heat-Resistant Alloys Exposed in Wet Air at 900°C

Product Number: 51321-16288-SG
Author: Mirnaly Saenz de Miera/Joseph Kish/Peter Poruks/Michael Györffy/Harvey Fraser/Matthew Webb
Publication Date: 2021
$20.00
Picture for Oxidation Resistant Behaviors of Commercial High Temperature Alloys in the Atmospheres Containing Water Vapor
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Oxidation Resistant Behaviors of Commercial High Temperature Alloys in the Atmospheres Containing Water Vapor

Product Number: 51324-20729-SG
Author: Bingtao Li; Vinay Deodeshmukh; Lee M. Pike
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Water vapor has significant effects on high temperature oxidation behaviors of high temperature alloys, especially on chromia-forming alloys due to oxidative evaporation of chromia scale. The objectives of this work are to study high temperature oxidation behaviors of commercial high temperature alloys, including seven chromia-formers, such as N06230, R30188, N08120, N06002, N06625, N06617, S34700, and three alumina-formers, such as N07214, NiCoCrMoAl, NiFeCrAl, at the temperatures from 760 to 1093°C (1400 to 2000°F) for up to one year exposure in the air atmospheres containing (5-30)% water vapor. The effects of water vapor content, temperature, heating/cooling condition, and alloy composition were analyzed from the results of metal loss and internal oxidation penetration, along with comparison with their oxidation behaviors tested in air without water vapor addition. The study shows, in general, water vapor could accelerate oxidation attack, and higher water vapor contents could cause more oxidation attack. However, high temperature oxidation behaviors of high temperature alloys will depend on multiple factors that need to be considered, especially when comparing oxidation results generated under different testing conditions.
Picture for Quantifying High Temperature Corrosion
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Quantifying High Temperature Corrosion

Product Number: 51321-16805-SG
Author: Y. F. Su; P. I. M. Stack; C. J. Stephens; K. A. Kane; S. Dryepondt; R. Pillai; B. A. Pint
Publication Date: 2021
$20.00
Picture for Remaining Life Assessment of 9Cr-1Mo Steel Radiant Heater Tube in Continuous Catalytic Reforming Unit
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Remaining Life Assessment of 9Cr-1Mo Steel Radiant Heater Tube in Continuous Catalytic Reforming Unit

Product Number: 51324-21147-SG
Author: Sudharsanan Soundararajan
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
The radiant tubes in fired heaters operating in the creep range are designed as per API 530. The typical creep design life of the heater tubes is 100,000hours. Tube sample from this 1st Inter-heater was removed after 166,500hours of operation with the process gas outlet temperature of 550oC (1022oF). The tube skin temperature was observed in the range of 600-630oC. Scale characterization using SEM/EDS, Hot and ambient tensile testing, Hardness measurement, Accelerated Creep rupture testing and creep testing was carried out as part of the assessment. This paper explains the methodology adopted for remaining life assessment and compares the results from Larson-Miller Parameter method (LMP) & MPC Omega method. The remaining life evaluation was carried out as per API 579-1/ASME FFS-1. The Creep ductility factor ?cdO and Scatter band factor ?srO was adjusted to match the Omega (?) parameter and initial strain rate (eo) derived from the creep test. As part of the metallurgical analysis damage due to carburization and metal dusting was also evaluated.
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