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Picture for Performance of API 5L X65 in a 'sweet' followed by 'sour' environment
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51318-10970-Performance of API 5L X65 in a 'sweet' followed by 'sour' environment

Product Number: 51318-10970-SG
Author: Maria Eleni Mitzithra / Shiladitya Paul
Publication Date: 2018
$20.00

The corrosion behaviour of X65 steel in a mixed 1% H2S (in CO2) brine after exposure to a pure CO2-saturated brine at 40°C. The objective was to identify the scales formed and understand their effect on the corrosion performance of X65 steel upon transition from pure sweet to sour conditions.
Picture for Investigation of FeCO3 and FeS Precipitation Kinetics by EQCM
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51318-11192-Investigation of FeCO3 and FeS Precipitation Kinetics by EQCM

Product Number: 51318-11192-SG
Author: Zheng Ma / Yang Yang / Bruce Brown / Srdjan Nesic / Marc Singer
Publication Date: 2018
$20.00

In the present study, the precipitation kinetics of iron carbonate (FeCO3) and iron sulfide (FeS) were studied over a range of temperatures to gain a better understanding of their effect on corrosion resistance.
Picture for Augmentation Of Iron Carbonate Corrosion Products Using Amino Acids In CO2 Corrosion Environments
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Augmentation Of Iron Carbonate Corrosion Products Using Amino Acids In CO2 Corrosion Environments

Product Number: 51322-17754-SG
Author: Dilshad Shaikhah, Wassim Taleb, Bruce Cowe, Maalek Mohamed-Said, Anne Neville, Richard Barker
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Oil and gas production in a CO2 saturated environment is known to lead to corrosion due to dissolved carbonic acid. However, when the conditions are favorable, a protective FeCO3 layer can also form which reduces the material degradation of the underlying steel by up to ten or a hundred times.1 The formation of FeCO3 is possible via the reaction shown in equation 1.
Picture for Effect Of Steel Microstructure And Corrosion Product Characteristics On Inhibition Performance Of Decanethiol Against TLC
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Effect Of Steel Microstructure And Corrosion Product Characteristics On Inhibition Performance Of Decanethiol Against TLC

Product Number: 51321-16581-SG
Author: Z. Belarbi/ F. Farelas/ D. Young/M. Singer
Publication Date: 2021
$20.00
Picture for Fe3O4, FeCO3 or FeS - Which Corrosion Product Will Prevail at High Temperature in CO2/H2S Environments?
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Fe3O4, FeCO3 or FeS - Which Corrosion Product Will Prevail at High Temperature in CO2/H2S Environments?

Product Number: 51320-14413-SG
Author: Shujun Gao, Bruce Brown, David Young, Srdjan Nesic, Marc Singer
Publication Date: 2020
$20.00

Sweet (CO2) and sour (H2S) corrosion have continuously been a challenge in oil and gas production and transportation. Yet, some key issues are still not well understood, especially at high temperature production conditions. A CO2/H2S ratio of 500, which has been used (often inaccurately) to determine which corrosion mechanism is dominant, is probably even less valid at high temperature. The nature of the corrosion products forming at high temperature in CO2/H2S environments and their effects on the corrosion rate are not known. Finally, the impact on pipeline integrity of environmental changes between sweet and sour production conditions (simulating reservoir souring) has not been well documented. CO2, H2S, and CO2/H2S corrosion experiments were conducted at 120oC to investigate corrosion mechanisms and corrosion product layer formation at high temperature. The results show that the corrosion products were still clearly dominated by H2S under the pCO2/pH2S ratio of 550. Formation of Fe3O4, FeCO3, and FeS corrosion product layers had a direct impact on the measured corrosion rates and was dependent on the gas composition and on the sequence of exposure (CO2 then H2S and vice versa). Compared with H2S corrosion alone, the presence of CO2 could retard Fe3O4 formation in CO2/H2S mixture environment. No obvious change in steady state corrosion rate was observed when the corrosion environment was switched from CO2 to H2S and vice versa. 
Picture for Galvanic Interactions Between Surface Layers And Bare Carbon Steel In Aqueous CO2 Environments
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Galvanic Interactions Between Surface Layers And Bare Carbon Steel In Aqueous CO2 Environments

Product Number: 51322-17654-SG
Author: Joshua Owen, Francois Ropital, Gaurav R. Joshi, Jean Kittel
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

In aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2)-saturated environments, such as those found in geothermal energy, oil and gas and carbon abatement industries, various naturally occurring layers can be found on the internal surface of carbon steel infrastructure, such as pipelines, as they corrode in the mildly acidic conditions. Amongst the most commonly found layers are iron carbonate (FeCO3), iron carbide (Fe3C) and magnetite (Fe3O4). FeCO3 can offer corrosion protection to the underlying steel when formed under certain conditions, as too can Fe3O4. Fe3C is typically associated with enhancement of electrochemical activity of carbon steel and is revealed due to preferential dissolution of ferrite in the steel microstructure – through the formation of a porous network at the steel surface. Each of these layers play a fundamental role in the uniform and localized corrosion of the underlying carbon steel.
Picture for In-situ Study of Iron Carbonate Formation Kinetics and Pseudo-passivation of Carbon Steel in Aqueous CO2 Environments
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In-situ Study of Iron Carbonate Formation Kinetics and Pseudo-passivation of Carbon Steel in Aqueous CO2 Environments

Product Number: 51324-20667-SG
Author: Joshua Owen; Richard C. Woollam; Francois Ropital; Annette Kleppe; Sabrina Marcelin
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
This study introduces the design and implementation of a bespoke electrochemical flow cell in combination with in-situ Synchrotron Radiation-X-Ray Diffraction measurements (SR-XRD). The system enables high precision, real-time, in-situ measurements of iron carbonate (FeCO3) evolution on carbon steel in a flowing environment, as well as providing real-time, in-situ corrosion rate measurement through an integrated three-electrode cell. The custom cell is used to examine FeCO3 formation kinetics in a carbon dioxide (CO2)-containing aqueous environment, particularly in instances where the ‘pseudo-passivation’ phenomenon is reported to occur. Linear polarization resistance and anodic polarization measurements were performed in combination with the SR-XRD measurements to establish a detailed understanding of FeCO3 formation in real time and its relation to the corrosion behavior of carbon steel. It was observed that ‘pseudo-passivation’ occurred in conjunction with the growth of a highly protective FeCO3 layer under all conditions evaluated. Magnetite (Fe3O4), an oxide layer often attributed to the onset of ‘pseudo-passivation’, was not observed in these conditions, despite the high limits of detection of the technique.
Picture for In-Situ Synthesis Of Corrosion Product-Polymer Composites On Carbon Steel For Enhanced Erosion-Corrosion Protection In CO2 Corrosion Environments
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In-Situ Synthesis Of Corrosion Product-Polymer Composites On Carbon Steel For Enhanced Erosion-Corrosion Protection In CO2 Corrosion Environments

Product Number: 51322-17717-SG
Author: Dilshad Shaikhah, Bruce Cowe, Wassim Taleb, Anne Neville, Maalek Mohamed-Said, Richard Barker
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Hydrocarbons still remain as a fundamental contributor towards meeting the worldwide demand for energy, despite the growth of other alternative sources such as renewable and nuclear options. Due to low cost and availability, carbon steel, remains as the most commonly used material for pipelines in down and upstream activities within the oil and gas industry. However, carbon steel is not an exceptional metal alloy from the perspective of internal corrosion resistance. The economical cost for its degradation and related failures represent 10% to 30% of the maintenance budget in petroleum industry. It is therefore crucial that the corrosion of such a susceptible steel is managed and controlled accordingly.
Picture for Kinetic Approach To Predict Iron Carbonate Precipitation During Acid Stimulation
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Kinetic Approach To Predict Iron Carbonate Precipitation During Acid Stimulation

Product Number: 51321-16769-SG
Author: Peng Lu; Qiwei Wang; Tao Chen
Publication Date: 2021
$20.00
Picture for Mitigation Of Scaling Challenges For Long-Term Shut-In Wells Under Ultra-High Temperature
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Mitigation Of Scaling Challenges For Long-Term Shut-In Wells Under Ultra-High Temperature

Product Number: 51321-16995-SG
Author: Zhiwei (David) Yue; Megan Westerman; Ping Chen; Chunli Li; John Hazlewood
Publication Date: 2021
$20.00
Picture for New Insight Into The Mechanisms Of Iron Carbonate Formation In Sweet Carbonate Reservoir During Acid Stimulation
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New Insight Into The Mechanisms Of Iron Carbonate Formation In Sweet Carbonate Reservoir During Acid Stimulation

Product Number: 51321-16531-SG
Author: Tao Chen/ Qiwei Wang/ Bader Al-Harbi/ Khalid Alnoaimi
Publication Date: 2021
$20.00
Picture for SCC Of Tensile Wires At High CO2 Partial Pressure In Simulated Annulus Environments Of Flexible Pipes
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SCC Of Tensile Wires At High CO2 Partial Pressure In Simulated Annulus Environments Of Flexible Pipes

Product Number: 51322-17898-SG
Author: Pedro Netto da Silva, Gaute Svenningsen, Arne Dugstad, José Antônio da Cunha Ponciano Gomes
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Unbonded flexible pipes used for transporting process fluids in offshore oil and gas production systems have a complex structure, with alternate polymer and metallic layers. Tensile armors are metallic layers constructed by the helical wrapping of high strength carbon steel wires, and they are responsible for the integrity of the pipe. These armors provide axial strength and torsion resistance to the pipe so that it can sustain its own weight and resist to stresses associated to environmental conditions and vessel motion.
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