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The effect of seasonal changes on the protection of pipelines in high-resistivity soil. The nature and magnitude of the seasonal fluctuations. Corrosion rates are low even when compliance with a given CP criterion cannot be demonstrated.
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An alternative method for directly measuring effectiveness of AC-induced corrosion control and mitigation efforts. This method takes the form of traditional coupons imbedded with ultrasound testing (UT) transducers designed to directly measure and track coupon metal loss and related corrosion-induced anomalies.
Currently pipeline operators use coupons and other monitoring data to determine if internal corrosion is active. Coupons are relatively easy to install, typically taking 1-2 days and cost around $10,000. This makes this method for collecting data attractive to operators.
The pipeline is the Gibraltar-Bucaramanga Gas Pipeline which is divided in two electrically isolated sections by the use of a monolithic joint. The study concluded that it was necessary to complete additional actions to guarantee pipeline integrity, and to assure low corrosion rates.
This paper summarizes the results of ten years of External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA) application on more than 100 projects and includes a number of important lessons learned during the process.
Close interval surveys (CIS) and remote monitoring units (RMUs) can be used as complimentary technologies, essential for validating safe operation of a cathodic protection (CP) system. CIS on a pipeline is typically performed once every few years due to the high cost and time commitment of the process, but the benefit is a high spatial resolution of measurements, with typical spacings between reading locations on the metre length-scale. RMUs installed at test posts with a typical spacing of multiple kilometres between units can be used to measure comparable electrical readings year-round without requiring a human to physically travel to each location.
The Frøy field is in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea and is located in the Jurassic Sleipner andHugin formations at a depth of 2940 – 3176 m true vertical depth subsea. It is made up of a series ofreservoir units (RU), with the main units being RU3 to 5. The reservoir has a porosity of 15 – 23% and apermeability of 15 – 1500 mD.