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The paper considers best practice to realise the optimum combination of strength, toughness,corrosion resistance and radiographic integrity in UNS S32760 pipe girth welds made using theGTAW process.Aspects of fit up, tacking, root gap are considered. The effect of weld heat input and heat inputcontrol through the thickness of the joint, welding technique, inter pass temperature control andthe use of different combinations of shielding and backing gasses on corrosion resistance ofjoints is presented. Current specification, procedure and welder qualification requirements arediscussed, as is the need for supplementary testing, in particular quantitative microstructuralevaluation.
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2,25 Cr 1 Mo steel is required to comply with very stringent technical requirements when such a steel is applied in the Refinery Industry.Most of the attention is focused on the impact toughness performance of the weld metal which provides information on the structural stability of the pressure vessel taking into account the defect’s growth resistance in the welded joint.The assessment of welded joint toughness by performing CVN tests as a measure of this resistance remains the simplest and most widespread. Bainitic microstructure with very low ferrite content and small grain size of the primary austenite are effective in improving the CVN impact toughness at low temperature after min and max PWHT. The aforementioned microstructure is promoted by lowering the temperature of the Bs in addition to the heat input. Carbide precipitation at grain boundaries doesn’t significantly affect the impact properties of the weld metal after the industrial min and max PWHTs. The micro slag inclusions are investigated. Their chemical composition, volume and size is limited in the weld metal and they do not affect the CVN weld metal property. Min PWHT and max PWHT transform the Martensite/Austenite microstructure developed in the weld metal in as welded condition to Bainitic microstructure and the size and distribution of the carbide precipitated into the matrix. The PWHTs do not modify significantly the grain size of the microstructure which is mainly managed by chemistry and heat input. The type of current DC+ and AC significantly affect the chemistry of the weld metal providing different content of C, Mn, Si, Oxygen. Their contributions enhance the CVN impact properties especially when AC is used
Alloy UNS N07718 (hereafter abbreviated as 718) is one of the most versatile precipitation-hardened nickel-based corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs) used for both surface and sub-sea components in oil and gas production service. API 6ACRA provides heat treatment windows and acceptance criteria for 718 in these oil and gas production environments, in which the heat treatment is intended to homogenize the microstructure and obtain the correct microstructure for targeting the desired mechanical properties. For fabricating high temperature materials via additive manufacturing (AM), alloy 718 is a primary focus due to its widespread applications in the past 60 years and excellent weldability in either age hardened or annealed condition.
This paper describes the evolution of production standards for Alloy 600 tubing, the historical performance of steam generator tubing, and the results of microstructural analyses of archive and pulled tubing samples from commercial PWRs to address these issues. Alloy 600 is a corrosion-resistant nickel-base alloy that is used in a variety of applications that require good resistance to general corrosion, high strength, and good formability. It has been used extensively for steam generator tubing in commercial nuclear power plants, and this experience led to the use of several different types of Alloy 600 material.
The paper describes in short the various production routes that can be used successfully for hot roll bond cladding of alloy UNS N08031 Plus on carbon steel and considers the resulting microstructure, corrosion behaviour and weldability.