AMPP Store - NACE Conference Papers

Available for download

Detecting and Preventing Internal Corrosion Damage in Unpiggable, Intermittently-Operated, Crude-Oil Pipelines

Product Number: 51320-14673-SG

Author: Yuri Fairuzov, Victor Fairuzov

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

According to a survey of corrosion releases in hazardous liquids pipelines, of the 52 internal corrosion releases reported in 2009-2012, 31 occurred in intermittently operated lines. Pigging operations cannot be performed in many of these pipelines for a number of reasons, such as limitations imposed by pipeline design features, pigging cost, risk of the pig getting stuck in solids or sludge accumulated in front of it. For unpiggable pipelines, direct assessment using the liquid petroleum internal corrosion direct assessment (LP-ICDA) method is a widespread industry practice that helps operators detect pipeline sections damaged by internal corrosion. The models and correlations referenced in the standard are for steady-state, oil-water flow or liquid-solids flow, however the flow of transported fluids is transient (unsteady) in intermittently-operated, crude-oil pipelines. Furthermore, the critical inclination angle defined in the standard is applicable to a pipeline having a piecewise elevation profile. Nevertheless, the local slope of the pipeline changes continuously along its entire length because the local slope of an elevation profile of the landscape or seabed changes continuously in most cases. In this paper, a pipeline diagnostic survey using transient, ultra-high definition simulations of three-phase oil-water-solids flow is performed to identify ICDA regions and develop solutions to extend the useful life of a 48-in. diameter pipeline transporting crude oil from an onshore tank farm to a Single Point Mooring/Pipeline End Manifold (SPM/PLEM) system. Transient free water and solids holdup profiles along the pipeline during loading operations and shutdown periods were predicted based on historical cargo data (including detailed loading plans and loading rates), basic sediments and water (BS&W) data, the rate of conversion of emulsified water into free water caused by the residual concentration of demulsifier in crude oil, solids properties, and tanker loading schedules. It was found that significant accumulations of free water and solids occurred only in a few sections of the offshore portion of the pipeline. This was attributed to the fact that in each loading operation the cargo officer requests the terminal to reduce the loading rate and adjust it until the final cargo transfer quantity is reached. As a result, during this time the pipeline is operated at a low flow condition at which free water ceases to enter PLEM, while it is still displaced from the onshore portion into the offshore portion of the pipeline. Two solutions were proposed to prevent microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) and extend the useful life of the pipeline. The first solution is based on the optimization of the loading plan to minimize the volume of free water accumulated in the offshore portion on completion of cargo transfer. In the second solution, a system generating batches of drained water taken from the storage tanks is connected to the pipeline inlet. A biocide is injected into the water batches. The concentration of the biocide and speed to kill are selected based on the water batch residence time determined using the transient flow simulations. The number of water batches to be launched depends on the volume and properties of solids that can enter the pipeline.

Available for download

Detecting Hidden Integrity Threats Using CP Current In-Line Inspection Tools

Product Number: 51317--8883-SG

ISBN: 8883 2017 CP

Author: David Williams

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This paper provides case histories from four (4) successful Cathodic Protection Current In-line Inspections (CPC-ILI). Details of the findings and actions taken by the clients are presented.

Available for download

Deterioration of Wastewater Treatment and Collection System Assets: Knowing Where and How to Look

Product Number: 41206-271-SG

Author: R. A. Nixon

Publication Date: 2006

$20.00

After 35 years or longer in service, the concrete infrastructure in wastewater collection systems and treatment plants has deteriorated due to various corrosion and physical degradation mechanisms. This paper reviews the major mechanisms that cause deterioration of concrete and protective coatings. Also, examples of infrastructure degradation are presented along with a discussion of the best diagnostic methods for condition assessment of concrete for the various mechanisms.

Available for download

Determination of the Acceptability Conditions for a Safe Use of Alloys UNS S32750 Through SSRT Screening

Product Number: 51321-16322-SG

Author: Vincent Duquesnes/Christophe Mendibide/Wenle He/Raveendra Siriki

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

Available for download

Determination of the Corrosion Rate of Thermally Spayed Aluminum (TSA) in Simulated Marine Service

Product Number: 51320-14650-SG

Author: Shiladitya Paul, Dave Harvey

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Operators desire extended life of offshore facilities, structures and components to improve affordability, and to increase their availability in later years of operation. Whilst maintenance and replacement of topside facilities is possible, critical to this objective is the design and construction of supporting infrastructure and facilities capable of withstanding splash and tidal zone corrosion for the lifetime of the structure with minimum maintenance.

Thermally sprayed aluminum (TSA) is increasingly applied in marine environments as a corrosion mitigation solution but few studies provide quantitative corrosion rate data, from which a lifetime of little or no maintenance can be predicted. A technology review was undertaken to establish current working practice and experience related to the mitigation of splash and tidal zone corrosion. A number of coating systems (thermally sprayed, organic paints and duplex combined thermal spray and paint), currently used in the splash and tidal zone of offshore structures, were identified. Thermal spray coatings with and without aluminum-silicone sealant were prepared and tested in alternate immersion using linear polarisation resistance (LPR) methods. The data were analysed and corrosion rates values were obtained.

Available for download

Determining Repair and Replacement of Legacy Pipeline Systems

Product Number: 51319-13427-SG

Author: Jason Land

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Legacy pipeline operators face increased regulatory challenges. Legacy systems have decades of metal loss and coating damage from forces pressure cycling thermal stresses and other physical phenomena that weaken the pipeline; years of damage make the pipeline more susceptible to leaks or rupture related to integrity threats. Management of a legacy system requires corrosion control. Mechanical integrity can be maintained by coupling an appropriate inspection schedule with relevant remedial responses. Legacy pipelines can then be operated under acceptable risk levels to the public the environment and the business.Engineering economic analysis demonstrates that well planned corrosion management can provide a cost-effective safe operation over the life cycle of pipelines and valuable information to decide whether to extend the operational life of the asset. This financial analysis incorporates the cost of the necessary mitigative actions comparing the cost of the continuing mitigative actions to the cost of replacement while folding in the key components of risk.

Available for download

Determining the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Concentration Limit for Safe Operation of CRAs in Saline Solution

Product Number: 51317--9062-SG

ISBN: 9062 2017 CP

Author: Qing Lu

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Study to assess pitting corrosion resistance of 316L ASS (UNS S31603) and 25%Cr SDSS (UNS S32750) in salt solutions containing dissolved oxygen(DO). The DO levels examined were: 20, 50, and 100ppb, and the concentration of chloride ions were up to 152g/L Cl-, at 50 and 60°C. The results are reported herein.

Available for download

Develop Test and Validate a Corrosion Monitoring Cell to Quickly Evaluate Effectiveness of the Corrosion Control Measures

Product Number: 51319-12841-SG

Author: Xihua He

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) are widely used in the oil and gas and nuclear industries. These are typically constructed of carbon steel bottoms and shells with the bottoms susceptible to corrosion. Corrosion control measures include cathodic protection (CP) systems various levels of vapor corrosion inhibitors (VCIs) and combinations of VCIs CP and possibly biocides. The objective of this project was to develop test and validate an ultrasonic testing (UT) resonance probe and a corrosion monitoring cell to quickly evaluate the effectiveness of corrosion control measures with a focus on measures that involve CP alone and a combined application of CP and VCIs. The UT probe is an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) used to generate ultrasonic shear waves for a resonance-based measurement approach. Three tests with the UT probe attached to the back of the carbon steel coupon set on wet sand were conducted in parallel. Test 1 started at open circuit (i.e. no CP) without any corrosion control measures followed by −850 mVCSE CP application later. Test 2 started with −850 mVCSE CP application followed by an open circuit. Test 3 started with both −850 mVCSE CP and VCI application followed by an open circuit. The posttest coupons were cleaned and scanned by a laser profilometer for corrosion depth measurement which was compared to the UT probe data.The resonance sensors successfully detected the onset and progress of corrosion from Cells 1 and 2 as CP was enabled and disabled. The absence of corrosion in Cell 3 also was clearly detected. The fundamental accuracy of the sensors was shown to be on the order of 1–3 µm when the surface being measured is very uniform. However it was not possible to make a quantifiable correlation between the corrosion profiles and the estimates from the sensors. When located over a non-uniform surface the sensors underestimated the amount of thickness loss likely due to scattering effects from feature scale lengths as small as or smaller than the ultrasonic wavelengths used as well as the variation in corrosion depths. Potential research is needed to understand the effects of variations in the surface that are small compared to the ultrasonic beam and even the ultrasonic wavelength. The adhered corrosion product on the coupons also may have affected the thickness readings because some of the ultrasonic beams were likely reflected from the corrosion/air interface in addition to the metal/corrosion interface. Further investigation would be required to determine if this was a significant factor.

Available for download

Developing a Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Framework to Evaluate the Cost-Effectiveness of Hydroelectric

Product Number: 51317--9099-SG

ISBN: 9099 2017 CP

Author: Bobbi Jo Merten

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

The theoretical framework shown here includes a spreadsheet tool designed to accommodate all unique inputs and accounts for the time-value of money. It offers several output options, including the equivalent uniform annual cost, to aid decision makers in selecting coating systems.

Available for download

Developing A Likelihood-Based Modeling Approach To Predict Atmospheric Corrosion Rates Using Corrosion Sensor Technologies

Product Number: 51321-16806-SG

Author: Erin C. DeCarlo; James F. Dante; Erica N. Macha

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

Available for download

Developing a Wastewater Treatment Plant Coating Maintenance Program

Product Number: 41206-244-SG

Author: Ira Gabin

Publication Date: 2006

$20.00

This presentation is designed to assist wastewater treatment plant maintenance superintendents effectively design and implement maintenance painting projects. Recommended practices are described for all project phases, from the initial corrosion survey, through cost estimating, specification preparation, bidding, project administration, field inspection, and OSHA, environmental compliance and plant operation considerations.

Available for download

Developing and Managing a Coatings & Linings Program in an Electric Utility

Product Number: 51317--8812-SG

ISBN: 8812 2017 CP

Author: Steve Poncio

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

To develop a Maintenance Coating Program encompassing cost justification for projects, pre-planning evaluation of safety and quality assurance programs. From two previous NACE Conference Papers.

NACE Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance