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Nickel-based Alloy 690 and the associated weld Alloys 52 and 152 are typically used for nozzle penetrations in replacement heads for pressurized water reactor (PWR) vessels, because of their increased resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) relative to Alloys 600, 82, and 182. Many of these reactors are expected to operate for 40-80 years. Likewise, advanced water-cooled small modular reactors (SMRs) will use Ni-Cr alloys in their primary systems and are expected to receive initial operating licenses for 60 years.
Applicability of High Strength Line Pipe solution has been evaluated by conducting 30-day Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) tests. Reproducibility of corrosion loss and HIC damage was investigated in comparison with those of the conventional solution, specified by NACE TM0284-2016, Solution C.
Due to the threat of Global warming, and the steady increase of the cost of energy, particularly electricity, so called "Cool Roof Coatings" or CRC’s, have received a lot of high-profile press in industry magazines due to their ability to drop surface temperature of roof structures during the summer months.
We live in a data driven world where technology is constantly evolving and making our lives easier, but even with this progression, industrial facilities are still struggling with the lack of reliable and sufficient data. LoRa has the capability to affordably expand remote sensing technologies in industrial applications, thereby improving operational efficiency, automating processes, and improving safety. With several different types of sensors available, and many more being created every year, LoRa is set to become the industry standard for the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT).
Throughout the oil and gas industry, carbon steel continues to be the material of choice for most downhole production tubulars and pipelines. Given the environment of typical oilfield operations, comprehensive integrity management programs are followed to guard against the threats of internal corrosion and material degradation of such assets. Although there are various corrosion mitigation options available, the application of corrosion inhibitor chemical products is commonplace given their relative ease of use and cost effectiveness.
There are three known types of high temperature sulfidation present in the refining industry. Two of them have industry recognized methodologies for damage prediction, and they both manifest as general thinning morphologies. They are known as H2-free sulfidation and H2/H2S corrosion. The third type, although recognized as H2-free, low-sulfur corrosion, does not have an accepted chemical theory or a prediction tool, and it manifests as a localized thinning morphology. This third type of sulfidation is much less common and occurs in units and process conditions where little-to-no H2S would be expected to be present. This paper discusses the operating conditions in two known damage cases presented here and provides a viable chemical theory that could lead to the observed damage profile. In addition, an approach to mitigation of this attack is discussed.
Low solar absorbing (LSA) attributes are important for marine decking materials. Reduced solar heat absorption can not only improve the condition of living and working spaces beneath any deck, but also help protecting electronics and equipment. This article will review current LSA technologies and present a study on how to improve the solar reflectance and weather resistance of epoxy marine decking.
Exposure temperature has a known effect on sulfide stress cracking (SSC) where elevated temperatures permit the use of oil country tubular goods (OCTG) in sour conditions that would not be survivable at lower temperatures. In order to assess SSC susceptibility NACE MR0175 / ISO15156-2 and API 5CT advise or require the use of room temperature NACE exposure tests in H2S-containing brines and consequently the bulk of qualification data on OCTG has been obtained at these conditions. Previous publications have demonstrated the effect of lower temperatures e.g. 40°F testing on KISSC values of low alloy steel using double cantilever beam (DCB) tests showing a reduction on sour toughness when the temperature is lowered from 75°F to 40°F. This KISSC data provides a clear indication of SSC severity at 40°F on crack propagation; however very little data is available pertinent to crack initiation at temperatures lower than 75°F.In this work several crack initiation tests were performed in mild sour conditions and demonstrated that at low temperature crack initiation susceptibility is increased. Details of the results are discussed within the context of traditional SSC qualification tests and materials selection standards along with the theoretical understanding of SSC fundamentals. Cracking tendency and time-to-failure are reviewed within the context of environmental and material parameters that are altered by the exposure temperature including hydrogen diffusion corrosion rate dissolved H2S concentration and the behavior of hydrogen traps.
Anti-corrosion coating systems typically rely on viscous two-component systems with high VOC content. Autocatalytic, moisture-cure polyurethanes (MC PU) offer a unique approach to develop one-component coatings, which are easier to apply compared to 2k systems and usually can be formulated with lower VOC content.
Throughout their history, the value of vinyl and vinyl/acrylic coating systems has been well documented; from the superior corrosion protection of vinyl to the all-around durability and appearance that acrylics lend, vinyl and vinyl/acrylic coating systems are well known for their ability to protect as well as beautify all types of industrial, transportation, marine and hydraulic structures. Within the past few decades increasingly stringent air-quality standards and environmental regulations curtailed the use of the solvents used in many coating systems, including vinyls and vinyl/acrylics.