AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

Available for download

Investigation of Platformer Reactor Nozzle Cracking

Product Number: MPWT19-15243

Author: Pranav Agrawal, Abdulla Ali Juma

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

This paper details with the unexpected cracking encountered in the outlet nozzles of all three reactors for Platformer unit, during a scheduled shutdown. The unit was commissioned in 1957 and the reactors metallurgy is as per withdrawn ASTM standard, A301 Gr. B (1Cr-1/2Mo). The isolated cracks were located at the upstream edge of the inset nozzle and running vertically down. The cracking in the high-pressure fixed bed reactor outlet nozzles was successfully repaired in-situ. This paper reviews the circumstances which led to these failures and highlights the lessons learned from each failure.

Available for download

Investigation of Polymeric Elastomers for Cavitation and Erosion Resistance

Product Number: 51323-18950-SG

Author: Allen Skaja, Christine Henderson

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Cavitation occurs in localized areas where there is a pressure drop across a structure; the water goes through a phase transition and forms water vapor. These vapor bubbles implode, resulting in high velocity micro-jets which impact adjacent surfaces. These impacts release shockwaves of energy, which cause microscopic particles of the surface material to flake off.1 Repeated micro-jet impact causes microfractures in the affected surfaces and leads to pitting.

Available for download

Investigation Of Scale Inhibitor Interference On Sulfate Measurement And Method To Remove The Interference

Product Number: 51322-17595-SG

Author: Ya Liu, Haiping Lu, Rebecca Vilain

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Seawater injection is commonly utilized for offshore wells to maintain or increase oil production; however, treatment for seawater before injection is always necessary to reduce or remove bacteria, dissolved oxygen, sulfate, and other impurities. Seawater typically has >2000 mg/L sulfate. Without proper sulfate removal, such high levels of sulfate can cause not only barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, and calcium sulfate scales, but also reservoir souring and H2S corrosion in the presence of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). Therefore, sulfate removal from seawater is critical before seawater injection into reservoir.

Available for download

Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Hydrotreatment Reactor Effluent Line Nozzles in Biorefineries

Product Number: 51324-20725-SG

Author: Fiona Ruel; Mathieu Perrin; Michael Echard; Thierry Cholley; Lionel Renaud

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

With the growing demand for second-generation biofuels, biorefineries are increasingly exposed to the risk of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) deposition. While deposition temperatures have been considered to mitigate this risk, unexpected shutdowns in biorefineries continue to occur due to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of the nozzles in the hydrotreatment reactor effluent line. This paper presents an investigation aimed at identifying the causes of SCC and proposes a review of the potential and severity of NH4Cl corrosion in relation to water availability. Understanding the underlying factors contributing to SCC and NH4Cl corrosion can aid in developing effective mitigation strategies and maintaining the integrity of biorefinery equipment.

Available for download

Investigation of Sulfide Stress Crack Propagation Using Sour Pipe Burst in Tubulars with Simulated Defects under Pressure

Product Number: 51324-20420-SG

Author: Brian Chambers; Bostjan Bezensek; Sebastian Cravero; Pedro Olivo; Octavio Albores

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Seamless oil country tubular goods (OCTG) with defined chemistry and toughness, e.g. API 5CT C110, are utilized as production casing in sour wells globally. These grades must withstand high pressures and mild sour conditions to maintain the integrity of the well and, as such, should resist both sulfide stress crack (SSC) initiation and potential propagation from defects in service. A laboratory study was conducted to assess the tendency of crack propagation from two defined types of defects, electro-discharge machined (EDM) notches and fatigue cracks, simulating potential as-delivered OCTG tubulars. The tubulars were subjected to a variety of test conditions including two temperatures, 4ºC and 24ºC, internal pressures ranging from 550 to 1,100 bar, and exposure to a modified NACE TM0177 Solution B equilibrated with 7% H2S/N2 gas purge. The applied pressure and depth of defects were used to determined applied stress intensity values, K, for each condition to compare tests with one another and to traditional small-scale evaluations per NACE TM0177 Method D, single edge notched tensile (SENT), and constant K compact tension (CT). The findings indicated that tendency towards SSC propagation was principally dependent on type of defect, temperature, and applied K. Threshold K values for SSC propagation from EDM-type defects were higher than determined from any of the small-scale evaluation methods. Fatigue pre-cracks were demonstrated to be more aggressive in promoting SSC propagation compared to EDM-type defects.

Available for download

Investigation of the Corrosion Performance of Stainless Steel and Low Alloy Steel Sucker Rod Materials in Aggressive Environments

Product Number: 51320-14321-SG

Author: Aleksey Shakhmatov, Oscar Martinez, Robert Badrak, Sergey Kolesov, Rodrigo Barreto, William Howie

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

The corrosion resistance of sucker rod materials can be a significant concern, especially in aggressive service environments with high acid gas concentrations. Corrosion-related failures have been associated with increased levels of produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The presence of corrosion damage, which is characterized by local material dissolution and pitting formation under the influence of CO2 and/or H2S, provides the initiation sites in a fatigue cracking mechanism. The fatigue crack propagation in corrosion aggressive environments is associated with the following factors: (1) local tensile stress concentration at crack tip, and (2) local corrosion dissolution. Therefore, using a material that tends to re-passivate as it interacts with the environment would be the optimum solution in order to mitigate the likelihood of field failures and reduce overall operating costs. Regarding passive film disruption processes abrasion and high temperature influences were not considered at this stage of the present study and repassivation kinetics were not measured. Conventional sucker rod production processes include normalize and temper (N&T) or quench and temper (Q&T) heat treatments to meet desired strength levels of low alloy steels. In order to enhance the corrosion properties and provide a resistant sucker rod solution, 13Cr martensitic stainless steel may provide a viable alternative to low alloys steels. This paper focuses on the characterization of 13Cr sucker rod material by comparing the general corrosion and corrosion fatigue performance with low-alloy steels.

Available for download

Investigation of the Crevice Corrosion Resistance of UNS S31266 and UNS N06625 Using Accelerated Laboratory Test Methods

Product Number: 51319-13077-SG

Author: Anna Delblanc

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

The crevice corrosion resistance of UNS S31266 and UNS N06625 was investigated by determining their critical crevice corrosion temperatures (CCT-values) in different solutions. The crevice formers described for tubes in ISO 18070 were used. Creviced samples were tested according to ASTM G150 and ASTM G48.For the electrochemical method ASTM G150 both 1M NaCl as specified in the standard and a modified test using 3M MgCl2 were used as test-solutions. The ASTM G48-test was performed using an acidified ferric chloride solution and a testing time of 72 hours. In both the electrochemical test and in the G48-test a torque momentum of 0.28 Nm for the crevice former was compared with a torque momentum of 1.58 Nm.It was found that the CCT-values of UNS S31266 were typically higher than for UNS N06625 in all tests. Additionally the CCT-value for UNS N06625 consistently decreased when the smaller crevice gap was used. This further increased the difference in CCT-values for the two alloys to the benefit of UNS S31266 for which CCT-values were similar at 0.28 and 1.58 Nm. The difference between the alloys is compared with published results and theories.Key words: Crevice Corrosion Crevice Gap Tube UNS S31266 UNS N06625 NaCl MgCl2 Acidity Chloride Concentration

Available for download

Investigation of the Effects of Residual Peroxide on Localized Corrosion Susceptibility of Stainless Steel Equipment at Hanford Waste Treatment Facility

Product Number: 51323-19095-SG

Author: K.J. Evans, S. Chawla, J.A. Beavers, N. Sridhar, S.T. Campbell

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The Effluent Treatment Facility (ETF) at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation site is a multi-waste treatment facility that removes radioactive and hazardous contaminants from various sources such as condensate wastewater generated by 242-A Evaporator campaigns, groundwater projects, solid waste disposal facilities, and other Hanford clean-up activities. It has been operational since December 1995 and will reach its original 30-year design life in 2025. The waste streams processed in the ETF are different from Hanford tank-farm wastes, in that the ETF wastes range to relatively higher chloride and sulfate concentrations, and lower nitrate and nitrite concentrations.

Available for download

Investigation of the Electrochemical Behavior of Al-Zn-Bi based Sacrificial Anode in Artificial Seawater

Product Number: 51323-19472-SG

Author: Ameeq Farooq, Muhammad Haris Qureshi, Umair Altaf

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Steel is a common material for the construction of large infrastructures. It is a main constituent used for building of, offshore drilling platforms, steel cast dock, pipeline in seabed, coastal bridges and ship hulls. Corrosion of offshore structures is a serious matter in terms of degradation and deterioration of these structures in a corrosive electrolyte such as seawater, which could lead to fatigue cracks, brittle failure and unstable failure.

Available for download

Investigation of the Hydrogen Embrittlement of API 5L Natural Gas Pipeline Steels

Product Number: 51324-20922-SG

Author: Lucas Teeter; Kyle Rozman; Zineb Belarbi; Ömer Doğan

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Hydrogen produced during corrosion or through hydrogen blending into natural gas pipelines can lead to the degradation of ductility of metals used in these transmission pipelines. The effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of pipeline steels was studied for three grades of API 5L steels: X56, X65, and X100. These steels are either commonly used in or developed for use in natural gas transmission pipelines which are being considered for use in hydrogen blending. These steels were subjected to constant strain rate tensile testing after charging with electrochemically generated hydrogen. This paper reports on work to extend the life of the natural gas pipeline network via understanding the effect of hydrogen embrittlement induced by corrosion processes.

Available for download

Investigation of the mechanisms and kinetic of cathodic disbondment in seawater and soils

Product Number: 51323-19258-SG

Author: Erwan Diler, Krystel Pelissier, Abdelkader Meroufel, Nicolas Larche

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Cathodic protection is used in addition to organic coatings to ensure the integrity of offshore and onshore buried structures against corrosion. The cathodic protection efficiency is usually ensured by keeping the potential of the structure to be protected in a narrow range following standard recommendations such as ISO 15589-1 and/or NF EN 12954. For onshore buried structures, this potential range is limited by the protection potential Ep and the limit potential El.

Available for download

Investigation of the Pitting Corrosion Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel UNS S20910 Correlated to its Microstructural Condition

Product Number: 51323-18877-SG

Author: Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper, Julia Ditmann, Clara Herrera, Merlin Seifert

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

During drilling operations, the components in the drill string including the bottom hole assembly (BHA) remains in permanent contact with the drilling fluid. Therefore, besides non-magnetic properties and high strength the corrosion resistance of the materials utilized for the BHA plays a decisive role specially in applications involving harsh environments. In fact, strain-hardened CrMn-austenitic steels commonly used in directional drilling technology show a high susceptibility to pitting corrosion and environmentally assisted cracking in drilling fluids with a high chloride (Cl-) content at elevated temperatures.

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance