AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

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Effect of CP on the Occurrence of SCC in X80 and X100 Pipe Steels in a Near-Neutral pH Environment

Product Number: 51317--9147-SG

ISBN: 9147 2017 CP

Author: Li Yan

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

In this work, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X80 and X100 pipe steels under various cathodic protection (CP) levels in near-neutral pH environment was investigated. The results showed that X100 tended to form longer SCC cracks compared to X80 steel.

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Effect Of Cr On Corrosion Performance Of Steels In Supercritical CO2 Environments

Product Number: 51322-18049-SG

Author: Kaiyang Li, Xue Han, Yimin Zeng

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In recent years, several novel technologies have been proposed and developed to produce energy in a clean and sustainable way. However, in the foreseen future, fossil fuel will still be the major source to meet our needs on energy.¹ The combustion of fossil fuel for power and heat is always accompanied by CO₂ emission, which is believed to be in large correlation to global warming.² To control the CO₂ emission and reduce the negative effects, carbon capture and storage (CCS) has been rapidly developed in fossil fuel combustion power plants.^{3, 4} One of the crucial parts of CCS is the longdistance transportation of CO₂, during which a large amount of captured CO₂ is transported to storage sites. Pipeline network is chosen as transportation system due to its high efficiency and moderate cost.⁵ And the transported CO₂ streams are usually compressed into supercritical CO₂ (s-CO₂).⁶

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Effect of Crevice Former on the Crevice Corrosion of 316L Stainless Steel in Synthetic Tap Water

Product Number: 51317--9412-SG

ISBN: 9412 2017 CP

Author: Seon-hong Kim

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

To restrain the failure of plate heat exchanger in customer boiler working fluid, the effect of crevice former type on the corrosion behavior of Type 316L (UNS S31603) stainless steel plate was investigated using electrochemical methods and surface analysis in chloride-containing synthetic tap water.

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Effect of Critical Alloying Elements and Impact of Various Corrodants on Steels and Alloys in Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction Biorefining Conditions

Product Number: 51324-21224-SG

Author: Minkang Liu; Yimin Zeng

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Hydrothermal liquefaction represents a promising thermochemical technology for the conversion of wet biomass and biowaste streams into bioenergy products. However, the realization of its full potential is impeded by significant knowledge gaps related to corrosion damage experienced by reactors in the conversion environment. In this study, we investigated the influence of alloying elements on corrosion processes through a combination of thermodynamic calculations and autoclave tests. The impact of various amount of corrodants were also assessed. Our findings indicate that chromium plays a dominant role in corrosion resistance in both Fe-based steels and nickel-based alloys. Additionally, the corrosion resistance of a specific nickel-based alloy, UNS N08825, also depends on the existence of corrodants and amount of chromium present, leading to varying performance in different HTL conversion environments.

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Effect of Cure Time on Corrosion Protection of Epoxy Polysiloxanes in Immersion Service

Product Number: 51323-19091-SG

Author: Carter Gulsvig, Allen Skaja, Bobbi Jo Merten

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Corrosion prevention on infrastructure subject to water immersion exposure has become more challenging due to the regulation of volatile organic compound (VOC) content in protective coatings. Legacy coating systems, such as vinyl solutions, afforded service lives of 30 to 50 years and were robust enough to endure cyclic exposure in impacted immersion service and stable against ultraviolet (UV) light exposure in atmospheric environments. Coal tar enamels are anoth er historic coating that has provided 50- to 100-year service lives as liners for small and large diameter pipes.

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Effect of Curing Time on the Performance of Novolac Internal Tank Coatings - a Realistic Assessment Using Laboratory Testing

Product Number: 51324-20588-SG

Author: Amal Al-Borno; Moavin Islam; A. Al Hashem; Hasan Sabri

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Novolac coating systems are widely used for internal applications in tanks and pressure vessels due to their excellent corrosion resistance under aggressive conditions, their availability, and ease of application. Typically, these coatings require a curing time before putting the coating into service is typically around 7-8 days at (at 20-25o C). During the vessel shutdown, the production schedule sometimes demands compromising the curing process of the lining. This puts a time constraint on the end-user in terms of coating project duration. In response to this challenge, a major oil producing company was interested in finding out if shorter curing times would be suitable to reduce the downtime. The main objective of this study was to conduct a detailed laboratory investigation on the effect of different curing times on the coating performance of four Novolac systems selected from three different manufacturers. The assessment of coating curing involved a series of tests, including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analyses, shore-D Hardness, X-cut adhesion, and pull-off adhesion tests. Additionally, standard laboratory coating performance tests were carried out, consisting of water immersion, cathodic disbondment, autoclave in multi-phase environments at elevated pressure and temperature, as well as atlas cell (cold-wall effect) tests. The investigation results demonstrated that even though the coatings were not fully cured, all four coating systems showed acceptable laboratory performance, after just 1 day of curing. This implies that these coatings may be put into service much earlier than the specified curing period of manufacturer which would significantly reduce the project downtime during maintenance. Subsequent field test results (not reported here) confirmed the laboratory findings.

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Effect of Cyclic Torquing on the Corrosion Resistance and Nut Factor Consistency of Coated High- Strength Steel Bolting

Product Number: 51319-13268-SG

Author: Omar Rosas-Camacho

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Almost every piece of equipment and machinery in the Oil and Gas industry requires the use of bolted joints due to numerous advantages that they offer regarding productivity and maintenance however these advantages vanish by inadequate materials selection and installation procedures. Most anti-corrosion coatings applied to bolts do not offer a consistent tightening and they are affected by torqueing during assembly; the nut factor relates the bolt’s installation torque to the tension required to tighten the bolt maintaining a consistent nut factor would solve problems such as over-torquing and corrosion resulting from the coatings peeling-off which may lead to leaking from the joint and even to joint failure. Organic coatings have historically suffered from flaking and peeling when torqued hence metallic coatings such as Ni-Co electroplating may offer a more reliable performance.In order to obtain experimental data comparing the behavior of coatings used in bolted joints simulating service conditions cyclic torquing (up to 5 cycles) was applied to fasteners with different coatings and the nut factor and corrosion resistance was evaluated. The tested samples were B7M ASTM A193/A193M bolts and 2HM ASTM A194/A194M nuts with the following coating conditions: 1) No coating 2) Ni-Co Electroplating 3) zinc undercoat with PTFE topcoat and 4) TSA / PTFE. All samples were tested with dry runs (no lubricant) and two different commercial lubricants. A Skidmore-Wilhelm load cell was used to apply the cyclic torquing and to calculate the nut factor on each cycle. Corrosion tests were performed before and after torquing following ASTM G59 standard and environmental exposure following ASTM B368 standard to evaluate the materials corrosion resistance without torque. Ni-Co electroplating showed a better performance compared to the other tested coatings it offered the highest nut factor consistency and the lowest corrosion rate after the cyclic torqueing and after environmental exposure.The main impact of this work is providing consistent and reliable test data about nut factor and corrosion resistance of coatings; this data can be used to compare available coated fasteners for selection of the best solution for bolting in oilfield and industrial application. Ni-Co electroplating is featured as a coating that provides corrosion resistance and nut factor consistency regardless the number of assembly/disassembly cycles it is proposed as a solution to avoid joint leaking and likely catastrophic failures.

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Effect of DCB Side Groove Geometry on KIssc Results

Product Number: 51323-19469-SG

Author: Sebastián Cravero, Maria José Cancio, Martín Valdez, Gustavo Kissner, Pedro Olivo

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Due to the increasing interest of the O&G industry on high grade tubulars working at high pressures, the assessment of operational conditions of Oil country Tubular Goods (OCTG) subjected to Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) is of particular importance.

AMPP adopts different test methods to evaluate material susceptibility to SSC in wet H2S environments, for which, Method D according to NACE TM0177 determines a quantitative value of material resistance using a Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) specimen that can be used for design and qualification purposes. This is a crack arrest type fracture mechanics test that can be traced back to the work of Heady in 1977 in which the material resistance to propagation of environmental cracks is expressed in terms of a critical stress intensity factor, KIssc.

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Effect Of Deleterious Grain Boundary Phase In N07725 On HISC Resistance And Performance Of An Optimized Alloy

Product Number: 51323-19252-SG

Author: Andreas Keplinger, Greg Chitwood, Jan Platl, Marianne Kapp

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Precipitation hardened (PH) nickel-base alloys are frequently used as engineering materials in the Oil & Gas industry. They excel because of their outstanding combination of strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance. In that regard, alloy N07725 is of high interest as it offers better corrosion resistance than the widely used N07718, while also offering better high temperature strength than solid-solution nickel-base alloys.

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Effect of Different Strength Levels, Coatings and Cathodic Charging Levels on the Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance of AISI 4340 Bolting Material

Product Number: 51320-14469-SG

Author: Timothy Haeberle, Evan J. Dolley Jr.

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

AISI 4340 low-alloy steel (UNS G43400) is frequently used for critical bolting applications on subsea equipment in the oil and gas industry because of its ability to be heat treated to high strength levels while maintaining high toughness, even in large diameter bolting. However, several field incidents resulting from hydrogen embrittlement of AISI 4340 bolting have brought into question the maximum hardness that should be specified for low-alloy steel bolting and whether zinc electroplating can contribute to hydrogen embrittlement of low-alloy steel bolting in subsea applications.

In this evaluation, the relative hydrogen embrittlement resistance of AISI 4340 with different mechanical properties and surface conditions was determined using electrochemical pre-charging followed by step loading per ASTM F1624-121 in a 3.5% NaCl solution. The test specimens were round, notched tensile test bars stressed in uniaxial tension to simulate the load on a tensioned bolt. Testing was performed on material at two different strength levels with no coating, with zinc electroplate (both baked and un-baked), and with a phosphate coating to evaluate the effects of coatings. The tests were performed in air, in the NaCl solution at open circuit potential, and in the NaCl solution at -950 mV, -1050 mV, and - 1250 mV (Ag/AgCl) to evaluate the effects of different levels of cathodic protection.

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Effect Of Dissolved Oxygen On Carbon Steel Corrosion And Particulate Formation In Water Injection Systems. Part 2: Rotating Cage Experiments

Product Number: 51324-20817-SG

Author: Jose Vera; Ken Evans; Conchita Mendez

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Seawater treatment for secondary recovery injection typically includes controlling the dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC) below 20 ppb using a combination of mechanical deaeration and oxygen scavenger injection. However, upsets can occur during operation, which may temporarily increase DOC above the specified values. These DOC excursions may not only significantly increase corrosion rates but also produce corrosion product particles in suspension. The potential influence of suspended particles produced by corrosion in water injection systems’ performance during water injection operations is not well understood. An electrochemically modified rotating cage autoclave (RCA) setup was used in conjunction with a particle analyzer instrument to correlate dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC), corrosion rates and particulate formation in real-time. Dissolved oxygen and pH were also continuously monitored throughout the tests. All testing was performed in a seawater simulant brine at 32°C. The effect of consecutive DOC excursions from 20 ppb to either 100 ppb or 1000 ppb were evaluated at two different flow velocities. The key findings from the testing can be summarized as follows: (1) there is a clear and significant interaction between flow velocity and the corrosion rates caused by the DOC excursions, which is not considered in the available predictive models; (2) localized corrosion was observed mainly on tests with 1000 ppb excursions; (3) The suspended particle concentration starts to increase after the total accumulated iron produced by corrosion reaches a minimum value, usually shortly after the first DOC excursion, and the mean particle size increases, reaching a maximum between 20 and 50 µm.

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Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Carbon Steel Corrosion and Particulate Formation. Part 1: Rotating Cylinder Electrode Experiments

Product Number: 51324-20718-SG

Author: K. J. Evans; J. Vera; C. Mendez

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC) in seawater injection systems is typically maintained near 10 to 20 ppb. However, these systems can experience DOC excursions that temporarily rise into the 100 to 1000 ppb range. The use of carbon steel piping in some systems is known to result in elevated corrosion rates during upset periods in which DOC increases. However, the particles that are generated from corrosion products during upset conditions are not well characterized or understood. The importance of understanding corrosion-generated particles relates to the plugging of the injection lines, which can lead to costly work-overs of the injection well. The main objective of this work is to examine the impact of DOC excursions on steel corrosion and iron-based particulates that form as a result of corrosion. A rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) electrochemical setup was implemented in conjunction with a particle analyzer instrument to make these correlations in real-time under controlled hydrodynamic conditions. Dissolved oxygen and pH were also continuously monitored throughout the tests. All testing was performed in a seawater simulant brine at 32°C. The key findings from the testing can be summarized accordingly: (1) particle sizes in the 20 to 30 µm range tended to concentrate when the DOC was raised to 1000 ppb; (2) localized corrosion was able to develop on the steel electrodes due to breakdown of a semi-protective film that formed over time; (3) DOC excursions may lead to irreversible increases in the baseline corrosion rate after dissolved oxygen is reduced back to low levels (e.g., 20 ppb).

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance