AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

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Critical Review of ISO 12944-9 and AMPP TM21612 Coating Qualification Standards Using Field Data to Compare

Product Number: 51324-20751-SG

Author: Andy Bodington; Arturo Ruiz-Aparicio; Colin Murdoch; Benjamin T. A. Chang

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The most widely accepted international standards for the prequalification of offshore coatings are ISO 12944-9 and AMPP TM21612. The two laboratory test standards are trying to simulate the offshore service conditions, but the offshore regions around the world are in quite different environmental conditions which may be more or less severe than the laboratory test conditions. Thus, it is very likely to see poor correlation between the laboratory and the field results. However, it is essential that a reliable test standard duplicates the field major failure modes and generates a correct performance ranking among candidate coating systems. Therefore, facility owners can comfortably select proper coating systems and coating manufacturers can be guided to improve their coating formulations. Field exposure testing of three commercial coating systems applied on panels and placed in three different locations across the world was conducted. Testing of these same three commercial coating systems was also conducted in the laboratory using AMPP TM21612. Comparison testing was also done to compare the failure modes and rust creepage rates of constant salt fog testing (used in ASTM B117, and in one of the cycles in ISO 12944-9) versus wet/dry cyclic salt fog testing (used in one of the cycles in AMPP TM21612). In this paper a comparison is made between the test methods of these standards and correlation with the field test results.

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Critical Review on Sulphide Scale Formation, Removal and Inhibition

Product Number: 51320-14731-SG

Author: Bader Al-Harbi, Norah Aljeaban, Alexander Graham, Ken Sorbie

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Sulphide scales, namely iron sulphide (FeS), zinc sulphide (ZnS) and lead sulphide (PbS), are increasingly being encountered in gas/oil wells. These scales can present serious safety concerns, impair well productivity and limit access to downhole tools. There are many published research studies addressing sulphide scale removal and inhibition. However, there is an incomplete understanding of the governing processes of sulphide scale formation and prevention. Furthermore, there are contradictory results in the literature on issues such as the removal procedures and inhibition tests for sulphide scales. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to critically review the published work on sulphide scale formation, removal and inhibition, to address the factors that control them and to discuss some of the apparent discrepancies in published experimental studies.
The review discusses the formation mechanisms of different sulphide scales in relation to the sources and levels of Fe, Zn, Pb and the sulphide species. The experimental procedures used by different researchers to evaluate sulphide scale dissolvers and inhibitors are described, along with the performance results for the chemistries tested to remove or prevent sulphide scales.
Hydrochloric acid has been shown to outperform rival chemistries for dissolving sulphide scales, however the associated high corrosion rate and H2S generation has necessitated the development of other dissolvers to overcome such drawbacks. Several dissolvers based on chelating agent chemistries combined with catalysts provided high dissolution rates, and the dissolution results and the reaction mechanisms will be discussed in some detail.

Multiple factors have been shown to play a significant role in the inhibition efficiency of sulphide scale inhibitors including pH, salinity, temperature, scale formation sequence and mechanism, and the initial concentrations of sulphide species and scaling metals. In addition, there is a developing understanding of the significance of scale inhibitor consumption in these systems.
Understanding the formation mechanism is essential for accurate interpretation of scale-related issues in the field and for providing the correct treatment strategy. A more complete knowledge of these issues will lead to the further development of reliable procedures for generating dissolution and inhibition results and consequently improving the scale dissolver and inhibitor chemistries themselves.

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Cross-Linking Performance to Mechanism: Correlation of lining performance in flue gas desulfurization applications to cure mechanism

Product Number: 41212-703-SG

Author: Andrew Recker

Publication Date: 2012

$20.00

Some of the toughest environments for protective coatings to withstand are seen in the power industry, particularly within the flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process. Temperatures within the different areas throughout the system may reach 350-450°F (177-232°C) and then be cooled to ambient temperatures upon shutdown of the unit.

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Crude Distillation Unit Protection Through Metal Cladding Testing And Implementation With Varied Regional Feed

Product Number: 51321-16876-SG

Author: Matthew MacWatters; Iain Hall

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Cryogenic Spillage Protection (CSP) on FLNG: Improving Safety Through Standardization

Product Number: 51317--8968-SG

ISBN: 8968 2017 CP

Author: Sebastien Viale

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Planned operation of natural gas liquefaction units offshore has raised new safety concerns. Technip has run a physical test program to investigate performances of insulation materials as well as developing a test method.

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CUI Assessment Near Insulation Support Rings Using Pulsed Eddy Currents

Product Number: 51323-19031-SG

Author: Donald Picard, Olivier Bellavance, Charles Tremblay, Andréanne Potvin

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Pulsed Eddy Currents (PEC) is an electromagnetic inspection method for detecting thickness variations in carbon steel and cast iron through various insulation and/or protective components. It is also resilient to liftoff variations, making it a valuable technique for Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI) assessment. The technology is widely used in the energy and petrochemical industries to detect and estimate the extent of corrosion in insulated or fire-proofed components like pipes and tanks without removing the covering.

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CUI Management Through Moisture Barrier System And Field Assessment

Product Number: 51321-16914-SG

Author: Ahmad Raza Khan Rana; Graham Brigham; Andrew Buchanan

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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CUI Monitoring for Cold Duty Insulation, Evaluation and Use Cases

Product Number: MECC23-20256-SG

Author: P. Sharma; A. Meshaikhis; C. Ennaceur; F. Al-Abbas; L. Seong Teh; R. Drummond; Z. Al-Ashwan

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

CUI is a significant form of corrosion in industrial plants that demands substantial financial resources and attention. Many assets are insulated for various purposes such as heat conservation (operating temperature above 93°C), cold conservation (operating temperature below 10°C), thermal protection (typically above 60°C), process stabilization, and winterizing.

Insulation is also utilized for sound control, condensation control, freeze protection (e.g., heat tracing), and fire protection.

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Curing Temperature Effects on Standard Cure Epoxies and low Temperature Cure Epoxies

Product Number: 41207-349-SG

Author: David S. Leyland, Cindy O’Malley

Publication Date: 2007

$20.00

This paper examines the effect that curing temperature has on the physical characteristics and performance of standard cure polyamide epoxies as compared low temperature cure epoxies.

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Current Industry Practice in Carbon Capture Corrosion, and the Knowledge Gap it Produces

Product Number: 51323-19539-SG

Author: Mark McLeod, Ivan Gutierrez, Brad Healey, Tundzhay Kurtulan

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Vital work is being carried out across engineering to ensure the net-zero commitments as laid out in the Paris agreement are met. Due to increased government investment, carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) has become key to achieving these commitments, with some industries only able to decarbonise through CCUS, such as concrete or fertiliser production. Carbon capture has also moved away from vertically integrated systems, with single emitters having dedicated downstream transport and storage sites, to larger systems gathering CO2 with a shared transport and storage infrastructure.

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Current Status of Nulcear Power Plant Safety-Related Coatings

Product Number: 41206-227-SG

Author: Jon R. Cavallo

Publication Date: 2006

$20.00

Since the selection and application of safety-related coatings in commercial US nuclear power plants began in the early 1950's, many changes have occurred in coatings technology, industry understanding of the performance of coatings in the nuclear plant environment, and regulatory oversight of these coatings.

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Current Trends in Occupational and Environmental Health

Product Number: 41206-217-SG

Author: Daniel P. Adley, Alison B. Kaelin, Stanford T. Liang, Chris Lovelace

Publication Date: 2006

$20.00

Much of the focus of environmental, health and safety issues in the 1990’s centered on lead. No single hazard occupied the regulatory, public and media spotlight more than lead, and its impact was felt across the entire construction community. As lead fades from the spotlight, other potential hazards begin to emerge.

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance